[图书简介]In this first major publication on the topic since the 1960s, contributors describe their research in such areas as propellant injection systems and processes, design and dynamics of jet and swirl injectors, atomization in coaxial-jet injectors, liquid bipropellant injectors, and distortion and disintegration of liquid streams. They include work in modeling liquid-propellant spray and droplet vaporization combustion processes, subcritical and supercritical droplet cluster behavior in dense and dilute regions of sprays, mixing and combustion of cryogenic propellants, measurements at high pressure in cryogenic jet flames, and propellant ignition and flame propagation. Two chapters describe rocket engine nozzle concepts, design and optimization, and two others address the simulation and analysis of thrust chamber flowfields in storable and cryogenic propellant rockets. The final chapters include material on scaling techniques for design, assessment of thrust chamber performance, thermodynamic power cycles for pump-fed engines, and technologies for reusable launch vehicles and oxidizer-rich preburners.
This is the first major publication on liquid-rocket combustion devices since 1960. A total of 26 chapters prepared by world-renowned experts in their subject areas are included. Each chapter focuses on a specific aspect of liquid-propellant combustion and thrust chamber dynamics, and is incorporated into the volume in a well-organized, cohesive manner. There are contributions from nine different countries--China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, The Netherlands, Russia, Sweden, and the United States.
Table Of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Propellant Injection Systems and Processes
Jackson I. Ito
Introduction
Rocket Application Design Requirements
Thrust Level and Operating Pressure
Propellant Type
Engine Cycle or Feed System
Common Combustion Device Development Risks
Combustion Instability
Combustion Chamber Overheating and Burnout
Injector Face Erosion
Low Thrust Chamber Assembly Performance
Unsafe Transients
Injection System Design Considerations
Engine Pressure Schedule
Nozzle Expansion Ratio
Contraction Ratio
Chamber Length
Injection Element and Pattern
Critical Combustion Processes
Injector Manifold Distribution
Injector Spray Atomization
Propellant Droplet Vaporization
Bipropellant Mixing
Candidate Injectors for Liquid Rocket Applications
Coaxial Jet Injectors
Impinging Jet Injectors
Parallel Jet (Showerhead) Injectors
Injector Design Synthesis
Conclusions and Recommendations
References
Design and Dynamics of Jet and Swirl Injectors
Vladimir Bazarov
Vigor Yang
Puneesh Puri
Nomenclature
Introduction
Classification of Injectors and Methods of Mixture Formation
Liquid Injectors
Gas-Liquid Injectors
Intensification of Propellant Atomization and Mixing in Liquid Injectors
Intensification of Propellant Atomization and Mixing in Gas-Liquid Injectors
Theory and Design of Liquid Monopropellant Jet Injectors
Flow Characteristics
Effect of Injector Configuration
Flow Coefficient
Design Procedure
Theory and Design of Gaseous Monopropellant Jet Injectors
Flow Characteristics
Design Procedure
Theory and Design of Gas-Liquid Jet Injectors
Theory and Design of Liquid Monopropellant Swirl Injectors
Flow Characteristics of Ideal Swirl Injector
Flow Characteristics of Real Swirl Injectors
Effect of Viscosity on Injector Operation
Design Procedure
Theory and Design of Liquid Bipropellant Swirl Injectors
Injectors with External Mixing
Injectors with Internal Mixing
Modulation of Liquid Spray Characteristics of Swirl Injectors
Design of Gas Swirl Injectors
Design Procedure
Selection of Geometric Dimensions and Flow Parameters
Dynamics of Liquid Rocket Injectors
Linear Dynamics of Jet Injectors
Linear Dynamics of Swirl Injectors
Acknowledgments
References
Atomization in Coaxial-Jet Injectors
Lucien Vingert
Pierre Gicquel
Michel Ledoux
Isabelle Care
Michael Micci
Michael Glogowski
Nomenclature
Introduction
Phenomenological Description and Literature Review
General Scheme of Jet Disintegration and Drop Formation
Studies of Elementary Processes
Numerical Simulations of the Atomization Process
Derivation of Droplet Size Distribution Functions
Investigations of Atomization in Shear Coaxial Injectors
Experimental and Theoretical Investigation at Atmospheric Pressure with Simulants
Photographic Studies Using Cryogenic Fluids (Liquid/Gaseous Nitrogen)
LOX Spray Combustion
Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Liquid Bipropellant Injectors
William E. Anderson
Matthew R. Long
Stephen D. Heister
Nomenclature
Introduction
Impinging Jet Injector
General Description
Applications and Design Guidelines
Mechanistic Study
Modeling Approaches
Bicentrifugal Swirl Injector
General Description
Applications and Design Guidelines
Modeling Approaches
Pintle Injector
General Description
Applications and Design Guidelines
Mechanistic Study
Summary and Conclusions
References
Distortion and Disintegration of Liquid Streams
William A. Sirignano
Carsten Mehring
Nomenclature
Introduction
Formulation of Governing Equations
Round Jet Analyses
Temporal Stability Analysis
Surface Energy
Spatial Stability Analysis
Nonlinear Effects
Viscous Effects
Spray Control via Electric Fields
Coaxial Jets
Planar Sheet Analyses
Linear Theory
Fan Sheets
Simplified Breakup Theories
Nonlinear Theory
Annular Free Films
Linear Theory
Nonlinear Theory
Effect of Swirl
Conical Free Films
Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgment
References
Modeling Liquid-Propellant Spray Combustion Processes
H. H. Chiu
J. C. Oefelein
Introduction
Fundamental Formulation for Two-Phase Flow
Local Instantaneous Equations
Averaged Equations
Decomposition of Variables and Averaging Procedures
Basic Modeling Approaches
Eulerian-Lagrangian Formulation
Dynamic Transport and Heat Transfer Equations of a Drop
Non-Dilute Spray Models
Morphological and Kinetic Models
Turbulence Generation and Modulation
Drop-Turbulence Interactions
Drop Dispersion Models
Drop Gasification and Wake-Induced Turbulence Modulation
Two-Way Coupling Model for Interphase Exchange of Ksp and Esp
Modulation of the Turbulent Energy Spectrum
Collective Phenomena in Combusting Sprays
Drop-Based Spray Model
Configuration and Structure of Group Combustion
Multiphase Combustion at Supercritical Conditions
General Scaling Law for Flame Radius
Scaling Law for the Initial Flame Expansion
Scaling Law for the Maximum Flame Radius
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Liquid-Propellant Droplet Vaporization and Combustion
Vigor Yang
Patrick Lafon
George C. Hsiao
Mohammed Habiballah
Feng-Chen Zhuang
Introduction
Thermodynamic and Transport Properties
Extended Corresponding-State Principle
Equation of State
Thermodynamic Properties
Transport Properties
Vapor-Liquid Phase Equilibrium
Droplet Vaporization in Quiescent Environments
Cryogenic Propellants
Hydrocarbon Propellants
Hypergolic Propellants
Droplet Vaporization in Convective Environments
Droplet Combustion
Droplet Response to Ambient Flow Oscillation
Hydrocarbon/Air System
Oxygen/Hydrogen System
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Subcritical/Supercritical Droplet Cluster Behavior in Dense and Dilute Regions of Sprays
Josette Bellan
Introduction
Clusters of Binary-Species Drops in Air (Subcritical)
Clusters of Fluid O2 Drops in H2 (Supercritical)
Summary and Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Fundamentals of Supercritical Mixing and Combustion of Cryogenic Propellants
Wolfgang O. H. Mayer
Joshua J. Smith
Nomenclature
Introduction
Cold-Flow Research
Single-Component Systems
Cold-Flow Investigation Experimental Setup
Single-Component Behavior
Binary-Component Systems
Combusting Flow Research
Experimental Procedure
Subcritical Combustion
Supercritical Combustion
Principal Flow Characteristics
Oxygen Jet Breakup
Flame Structure and Radiation
Flame-Holding Mechanisms
Propellant Interface Phenomena
Effects of Injector Design on Flowfield
Ignition Transients
Conclusions
References
CARS Measurements at High Pressure in Cryogenic LOX/GH2 Jet Flames
F. Grisch
P. Bouchardy
L. Vingert
W. Clauss
M. Oschwald
O. M. Stel'mack
V. V. Smirnov
Nomenclature
Introduction
Experimental Facilities
Mascotte Facility
P8 Facility
CARS Overview
Probe Species in LOX/GH2 Combustion
Hydrogen
Water Vapor
Experimental Setup
Results
H2 Data Reduction
H2O Data Reduction
Flame Measurements
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Propellant Ignition and Flame Propagation
Eric A. Hurlbert
Robert J. Moreland
Sebastien Candel
Nomenclature
Introduction
General Background and Fundamental Considerations
Autoignition of Homogeneous Volume of Reactants
Minimum Ignition Energy
Effects of Turbulence and Droplet Evaporation
Propagation from a Flame Kernel
Compressibility Effects
Numerical Modeling of Ignition Processes
Ignition of Nonhypergolic Propellants
Thermal Ignition Devices
Resonant Ignition Devices
Catalytic Ignition Devices
Third-Chemical or Hypergolic Ignition Devices
Photochemical Laser Ignition
Spark Ignition Devices
Hypergolic Propellant Ignition
Design Considerations for Hypergolic Engine Ignition
Physical Processes Occurring During Ignition Transient
Modeling of Hypergolic Ignition Transient
Discussion and Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Rocket Engine Nozzle Concepts
Gerald Hagemann
Hans Immich
Thong Nguyen
Gennady E. Dumnov
Nomenclature
Introduction
Conventional Nozzles
Flow Separation and Sideloads
Potential Performance Improvements
Altitude Adaptive Nozzles
Nozzles with Devices for Controlled Flow Separation
Plug Nozzles
Expansion-Deflection Nozzles
Nozzles with Throat Area Varied by a Mechanical Pintle
Dual-Mode Nozzles
Conclusion
References
Nozzle Design and Optimization
Patrick Vuillermoz
Claus Weiland
Gerald Hagemann
Bertrand Aupoix
Herve Grosdemange
Mikael Bigert
Introduction
Nozzle Contour Optimization
Numerical Methods
Application to Vulcain 2 Design
Summary
Nozzle Film Cooling
Experimental Study
Computational Approach
Summary
Vulcain 2 Demonstration Program
Design of Demonstrator
Test Results
Test Analysis
Summary
Conclusions
References
Simulation and Analysis of Thrust Chamber Flowfields: Storable Propellant Rockets
Dieter Preclik
Oliver Knab
Denis Estublier
Dag Wennerberg
Introduction
General Aspects of Modeling Storable Propellant Combustion
Propellant Properties and Chemistry
Injection and Atomization
Cooling Principles
Liquid Bipropellant Spray Combustion Modeling
Gas-Phase Flow Modeling
Dispersed Phase Modeling
Liquid Film Modeling
Computational Efficiency and Flow Convergence Monitoring
Applied Simulations on Liquid Bipropellant Rocket Combustion
Hydrazine/NTO Small Rocket Combustor Simulations
MMH/NTO Aestus Engine Simulations with Regenerative Cooling
MMH/NTO 400-N Engine Simulations with Liquid Film Cooling
Conclusions
References
Simulation and Analysis of Thrust Chamber Flowfields: Cryogenic Propellant Rockets
Dieter Preclik
Oliver Knab
Josef Gorgen
Gerald Hagemann
Introduction
General Aspects of Modeling LOX/H2 Propellant Combustion
Liquid Oxygen/Gaseous Hydrogen Injection
Gas-Phase Combustion and Chemistry
Wall Heat Transfer
Applied Cryogenic LOX/H2 Rocket Combustion Simulations
Chamber Wall Heat Load and Effect of Injection Element-to-Wall Distance
Chamber Liner Crack Evolution and Performance
Supersonic Nozzle Wall Heat Transfer for High-Temperature Ceramic Materials
Summary and Conclusions
References
Scaling Techniques for Design, Development, and Test
Carol E. Dexter
Mark F. Fisher
James R. Hulka
Konstantin P. Denisov
Alexander A. Shibanov
Anatoliy F. Agarkov
Nomenclature
Introduction
Combustion and Performance
Combustion Similarity
Nonreacting Flow Testing
Reacting Flow Testing
Combustion Stability
High-Frequency Instability Modeling in a Low-Pressure Single-Element Setup
Stability Scaling with Multi-Element Hardware
Heat Transfer
Hardware Description
Subscale Chamber Test Programs
Full-Scale SSME Heat Flux
Life Cycle Assessment
Subscale Combustion Chamber Liner Test Programs
Full-Scale Chamber Liner Testing
Conclusions
References
Assessment of Thrust Chamber Performance
Douglas E. Coats
Nomenclature
Introduction
Definition of Ideal or Theoretical Performance
Real Engine Losses
Well-Characterized Losses
Poorly Characterized Losses, the Energy Release Efficiency
Modeling
Ideal or Theoretical Performance
Well-Characterized Losses
Poorly Characterized Losses, the Energy Release Efficiency
Approaches
Conclusions
References
Thermodynamic Power Cycles for Pump-Fed Liquid Rocket Engines
Randy C. Parsley
Baojiong Zhang
Introduction
Cycle Types and Configurations
Pump-Fed Powerhead Power Balance
Thermodynamic and Hardware Interactions
Fuel-Rich vs Oxidizer-Rich Combustion for Turbine Drive
Expander Cycles
General Cycle Discussion
Configuration Options
Expander Thrust Scaling Trends and Issues
Gas Generator Cycles
General Cycle Discussion
Configuration Options
Gas Generator Thrust Scaling Trends and Issues
Staged Combustion Cycles
General Cycle Discussion
Configuration Options
Staged Combustion Thrust Scaling Trends and Issues
Summary
References
Tripropellant Engine Technology for Reusable Launch Vehicles
N. S. Gontcharov
V. A. Orlov
V. S. Rachuk
M. A. Rudis
A. V. Shostak
R. G. Starke
J. R. Hulka
Nomenclature
Introduction
Selection of Tripropellant Engine Cycle for Reusable SSTO Application
Turbine Drive Power of Preburner Gas
Ignition Hazard of Metal Parts in Hot Gas Flow
Preburner Temperature for Reusability Requirements
Soot Formation in Fuel-Rich Preburner
Tripropellant Engine Using Fuel-Rich Closed-Power Cycle
Optimum Engine Schematic
Engine Characteristics with Dual-Mode Operation
Requirements for Reusability and Operability
Use of RD-0120 Engine for Development of Tripropellant Engine
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Oxidizer-Rich Preburner Technology for Oxygen/Hydrogen Full Flow Cycle Applications
Shahram Farhangi
Robert J. Jensen
Ken Hunt
Linda Tuegel
Tai Yu
Nomenclature
Introduction
Oxidizer-Rich Combustion Issues
Preburner Design
Injector Element Selection
Injector Design and Analysis
Preburner Hardware Design
Hot-Fire Test Results
Summary and Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Subject Index
Author Index
Supporting Materials
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