Water management is a key environmental issue in controlling of floods and reducing droughts. This book provides analysis of the main issues, offering solutions and describing good practice. Water Resources for the Built Environment: management issues and solutions develops an appreciation of the diverse, complex and current themes of the water resources debate across the built environment, urban development and management continuum. The integration of physical and environmental sciences, combined with social, economic and political sciences, provide a unique resource, useful to policy experts, scientists, engineers and subject enthusiasts. By taking an interdisciplinary approach, water resources issues and impacts on the built environment are presented in the inventive and strategic setting of considering the constraints of delivering potable water to an ever-demanding society who, at the same time, are increasingly aware of living in an urban landscape where excessive surface water creates a flood threatened environment - hence, the need to portray a balance between 'too little vs. too much'.This unique approach to the water resources debate presents a multifaceted collection of chapters that address the contemporary concomitant issues of water shortage and urban flooding and proffers solutions specifically for the built environment. The book is structured into three parts: the first part (Sections 2, 3 and 4) addresses management issues and solutions to minimise water shortages and provide water security for society; whilst the second part of the book (Sections 5 and 6) addresses management issues and solutions to control excessive rainfall and minimise flooding impacts. The third part (Section 7) contextualises the issues of the earlier sections within international case studies from the developing world.
Contributors xv
About the Editors xviii
Section 1 Introduction to the Book 1 (8)
Chapter 1 Water Resources: Balancing too 3 (6)
Little Versus too Much
Colin A. Booth
Susanne M. Charlesworth
1.1 Introduction 3 (1)
1.2 Too Little Versus too Much 3 (3)
1.3 Structure of the Book 6 (1)
1.4 Conclusions 7 (2)
References 7 (2)
Section 2 Water Demand, Policy and Cost 9 (36)
Chapter 2 Meeting Demand: Water Strategy, 11 (12)
Policy and Legislation
Sharron McEldowney
2.1 Introduction 11 (1)
2.2 Legislative and Regulatory Framework 12 (6)
for Managing the Water Resources
2.3 Water Management and Conservation for 18 (2)
the Future
2.4 Conclusions 20 (3)
References 20 (3)
Chapter 3 Water Privatisation and 23 (10)
Regulation: The UK Experience
John McEldowney
3.1 Introduction 23 (1)
3.2 The First Country to Fully Privatise 24 (1)
its Water and Sewerage Business
3.3 Water Privatisation and Structure 25 (2)
3.4 The Water Industry and the Domestic 27 (1)
Market
3.5 The Water Industry and the Market for 28 (2)
Business Customers
3.6 Conclusions 30 (3)
References 31 (2)
Chapter 4 Urban Water Economics 33 (12)
Graham Squires
4.1 Introduction 33 (1)
4.2 Externalities 33 (1)
4.3 Pollution Control (of Water Resources 34 (3)
at a Market or Zero Price)
4.4 Natural Resource Economics and Water 37 (1)
4.5 Resource Valuation and Measurement 38 (4)
4.6 International Issues and Development 42 (1)
in Water
4.7 Conclusions 43 (2)
References 43 (2)
Section 3 Water Infrastructure and Supply 45 (76)
Chapter 5 Impacts and Issues of Dams and 47 (14)
Reservoirs
Kim Tannahill
Peter Mills
Colin A. Booth
5.1 Introduction 47 (1)
5.2 Building Dams 48 (1)
5.3 Historical and Global Context 49 (2)
5.4 Environmental Impact 51 (1)
5.5 Socioeconomic Impact 52 (1)
5.6 Socioeconomic Impacts of the Lesotho 52 (1)
Highlands Water Project
5.7 Socioeconomic Impacts of the Manwan 53 (1)
Dam, Upper Mekong River, China
5.8 Environmental and Socioeconomic 54 (1)
Impacts of the Three Gorges Dam, China
5.9 Dam Risks: Incidents and Failures 55 (2)
5.10 Insights into the UNEP Dams Project 57 (2)
5.11 Conclusions 59 (2)
References 59 (2)
Chapter 6 Powering the Water Industry 61 (16)
Jay Millington
6.1 Introduction 61 (1)
6.2 Conventional Approach 61 (2)
6.3 Hydropower 63 (5)
6.4 Micro and Small Hydros 68 (4)
6.5 Other Factors 72 (2)
6.6 Conclusions 74 (3)
Acknowledgements 74 (1)
References 75 (2)
Chapter 7 Water Quality and Treatment 77 (15)
J. Bryan Ellis
7.1 Introduction 77 (1)
7.2 Water Quality 78 (6)
7.3 Drinking Water Safety Plans 84 (2)
7.4 Urban Growth and Water Demand 86 (3)
7.5 Conclusions 89 (3)
References 89 (3)
Chapter 8 Desalination 92 (12)
Augustine Ifelebuegu
Susanne M. Charlesworth
Colin A. Booth
8.1 Introduction 92 (1)
8.2 Desalination Technologies 93 (1)
8.3 Developing Technologies 94 (1)
8.4 Economics of Desalination 94 (3)
8.5 Small and Domestic Scale Desalination 97 (1)
Plants
8.6 Environmental Impacts 98 (1)
8.7 Renewable Energy Sources and 99 (1)
Desalination
8.8 The Future of Desalination and 99 (1)
Sustainable Water Supplies
8.9 Case Study: The Thames Water 100 (1)
Desalination Plant
8.10 Conclusions 101 (3)
References 101 (3)
Chapter 9 Delivering and Designing for 104 (17)
Potable Water in Buildings
Phil Harris
9.1 Introduction 104 (1)
9.2 Regulating Water Supply 105 (1)
9.3 Water Supply to Domestic Low-Rise 106 (4)
Buildings
9.4 Water Supply to Medium and High-Rise 110 (3)
Buildings (or Those with Insufficient
Mains Pressure)
9.5 Pipe Sizing and Flow Rate Design in 113 (3)
Buildings
9.6 Pipework Maintenance Issues 116 (2)
9.7 Future Issues 118 (3)
References 119 (2)
Section 4 Water Conservation Strategies 121 (76)
Chapter 10 Water Neutrality -- An Overview 123 (12)
Victoria Ashton
10.1 Introduction 123 (1)
10.2 Defining Water Neutrality 124 (2)
10.3 Strategies for Water Neutrality 126 (5)
Implementation
10.4 Funding Mechanisms 131 (2)
10.5 Conclusions 133 (2)
References 134 (1)
Chapter 11 Building Regulations for Water 135 (16)
Conservation
Sean Churchill
Colin A. Booth
Susanne M. Charlesworth
11.1 Introduction 135 (1)
11.2 What are the Building Regulations? 136 (1)
11.3 Background to the Changes in 137 (2)
Approved Document G
11.4 Changes to Approved Document G and 139 (4)
the Water Calculator for New Dwellings
11.5 Rainwater and Greywater Recycling 143 (1)
11.6 Case Study: Calculating Water Usage 144 (3)
11.7 Other Household Water Conservation 147 (1)
Measures
11.8 Conclusions 148 (3)
References 149 (2)
Chapter 12 Rainwater Harvesting -- Reaping 151 (14)
a Free and Plentiful Supply of Water
Susanne M. Charlesworth
Colin A. Booth
Frank Warwick
Craig Lash ford
Omolara O. Lade
12.1 Introduction 151 (1)
12.2 What is Rainwater Harvesting? 152 (1)
12.3 Policy 153 (1)
12.4 Rainwater Harvesting Design 154 (2)
12.5 Water Quality 156 (2)
12.6 Water Quantity 158 (1)
12.7 Cost-Benefit Analysis and Whole Life 159 (1)
Costs
12.8 Case Studies 160 (1)
12.9 Conclusions 161 (4)
References 162 (3)
Chapter 13 Greywater Harvesting -- Reusing, 165 (15)
Recycling and Saving Household Water
Emma Hatfield
Colin A. Booth
Susanne M. Charlesworth
13.1 Introduction 165 (1)
13.2 Insights into Greywater Harvesting 166 (1)
13.3 The Potential for Using Greywater 167 (4)
Harvesting Systems
13.4 Case Studies in the United Kingdom 171 (4)
13.5 The Future of Greywater Harvesting 175 (1)
13.6 Conclusions 176 (4)
References 177 (3)
Chapter 14 Inland Waterway Systems -- A 180 (17)
Solution to Drought and Flooding Issues
Carly B. Rose
Luke Walker
14.1 Introduction 180 (1)
14.2 The Past 180 (2)
14.3 The Present -- Canals in the 20th 182 (3)
Century
14.4 Sourcing and Conserving Water 185 (5)
Supplies
14.5 A Climate Resilient Future 190 (1)
14.6 Conclusions 191 (6)
References 192 (5)
Section 5 Flooding Responses and Reinstatement 197 (84)
Chapter 15 Urban Precipitation: 199 (12)
Measurements, Monitoring and Processes
Omolara O. Lade
Michael A. Fullen
David Oloke
Madhu Subedi
Colin A. Booth
15.1 Introduction 199 (1)
15.2 Types of Precipitation 200 (1)
15.3 Urban Climate and Potential Impacts 200 (1)
15.4 Urban Irrigation 201 (1)
15.5 Urban Effects on Rainfall Variability 202 (1)
15.6 Precipitation Variability in 203 (1)
Thunderstorms
15.7 Measuring Precipitation 204 (1)
15.8 Spatial and Temporal Precipitation 205 (1)
Monitoring
15.9 Case Study of Small-Scale 206 (1)
Variability: Spatial Variability in
Precipitation within the Hilton
Experimental Site, Shropshire, UK
15.10 Conclusions 207 (4)
References 207 (4)
Chapter 16 Urbanisation and Stormwater 211 (12)
John W. Davies
Susanne M. Charlesworth
16.1 Introduction 211 (1)
16.2 Urbanisation and Flood Risk 211 (1)
16.3 Urban Drainage Systems 212 (3)
16.4 Problems with Drainage Systems 215 (1)
16.5 Sewer Flooding 215 (1)
16.6 Drainage System Capacity 216 (3)
16.7 Increasing or Decreasing Impermeable 219 (1)
Surfaces
16.8 Storage 219 (1)
16.9 Stormwater Quality 220 (1)
16.10 Conclusions 221 (2)
References 222 (1)
Chapter 17 River Flood Defences 223 (10)
Carly B. Rose
17.1 Introduction 223 (1)
17.2 The Historical Context 224 (5)
17.3 The Future 229 (1)
17.4 Conclusions 229 (4)
References 230 (3)
Chapter 18 Coastal Flood Defences -- 233 (16)
Strategies for Protection in the United
Kingdom
Trevor Goodhew
18.1 Introduction 233 (1)
18.2 Holding Back the Sea 233 (2)
18.3 The Nature and Complexity of the 235 (2)
Coastal Processes
18.4 Coastal Flood Defences 237 (2)
18.5 The Strategy of Managed Retreat 239 (2)
18.6 Flooding Challenges from Climate 241 (3)
Change and Sea-Level Rise
18.7 Changing Populations, Land 244 (1)
Management and Development
18.8 Important National Infrastructure 245 (1)
18.9 Proportionate Risk-Based Approaches 245 (1)
to Flood Risk Management
18.10 Beneficiaries Should be Encouraged 246 (1)
to Invest in Risk Management
18.11 A View to the Future -- Strategies 246 (1)
Requiring Innovations and New Solutions
18.12 Conclusions 247 (2)
References 247 (2)
Chapter 19 The Costs of Flooding on 249 (9)
Households
Rotimi Joseph
David G. Proverbs
Jessica E. Lamond
Peter Wassell
19.1 Introduction 249 (1)
19.2 Economic Costs of Flooding 250 (1)
19.3 Financial Costs of Flooding 251 (4)
19.4 Conclusions 255 (3)
References 256 (2)
Chapter 20 The Role of Market-Based Flood 258 (13)
Insurance in Maintaining Communities at
Risk of Flooding: A SWOT Analysis
Jessica E. Lamond
20.1 Introduction 258 (3)
20.2 Strengths 261 (3)
20.3 Weaknesses 264 (2)
20.4 Threats 266 (1)
20.5 Opportunities 267 (1)
20.6 Conclusions 268 (3)
References 269 (2)
Chapter 21 Holistic Property-Level Flood 271 (10)
Protection
David W. Beddoes
Colin A. Booth
21.1 Introduction 271 (1)
21.2 Flood Resistance 272 (1)
21.3 Flood Resilience 273 (1)
21.4 Current Situation Facing Homeowners 274 (1)
21.5 Holistic Solutions 275 (3)
21.6 Conclusions 278 (3)
References 278 (3)
Section 6 Flood Solutions in the Urban 281 (90)
Landscape
Chapter 22 Sustainable Drainage Systems -- 283 (19)
Features and Designs
Simon Watkins
Susanne M. Charlesworth
22.1 Introduction 283 (1)
22.2 Water and Landscape -- One and 283 (17)
Indivisible
22.3 Conclusions 300 (2)
References 301 (1)
Acknowledgements 301 (1)
Chapter 23 Drainage Benefits of Porous, 302 (17)
Permeable and Pervious Paving
Miklas Scholz
Susanne M. Charlesworth
Steve J. Coupe
23.1 Introduction 302 (1)
23.2 Rethinking Stormwater Drainage 302 (1)
23.3 Porous, Permeable and Pervious 303 (1)
Pavement Systems
23.4 Porous Pavements 304 (1)
23.5 Cost Implications of Utilising PPS 305 (1)
23.6 Design Considerations 305 (2)
23.7 Infiltration through PPSs 307 (1)
23.8 Maintenance to Enhance Infiltration 307 (1)
23.9 Water Quality Improvements 308 (2)
23.10 Biodegradation of Pollutants by 310 (1)
Microorganisms
23.11 Directions of Further Investigation 311 (3)
23.12 Conclusions 314 (5)
References 314 (5)
Chapter 24 Multiple Benefits of Green 319 (17)
Infrastructure
Rebecca Wade
Neil McLean
24.1 Introduction 319 (1)
24.2 What is Green Infrastructure? 320 (2)
24.3 Benefits of Green Infrastructure 322 (8)
24.4 Barriers to Implementation of GI 330 (2)
24.5 The Value of GI 332 (1)
24.6 Conclusions 332 (4)
References 333 (3)
Chapter 25 Constructed Wetlands for 336 (14)
Wastewater Management
Kate V. Heal
25.1 Introduction 336 (1)
25.2 Treatment Processes in Constructed 337 (1)
Wetlands
25.3 Different Types and Deployment of 338 (3)
Constructed Wetlands and Reedbeds
25.4 Performance of Constructed 341 (2)
Wastelands for Wastewater Management
25.5 Design Considerations for 343 (2)
Constructed Wetlands
25.6 Construction and Maintenance 345 (2)
Considerations for Constructed Wetlands
25.7 Costs of Constructed Wetlands for 347 (1)
Wastewater Management
25.8 Conclusions 348 (2)
References 348 (2)
Chapter 26 Wastewater Treatment 350 (21)
Infrastructure and Design
Joseph Akunna
Joanne Bartie
26.1 Introduction 350 (1)
26.2 Wastewater Treatment Technologies 351 (12)
26.3 Factors Affecting Investment in UK 363 (5)
Wastewater Treatment Infrastructure
26.4 Conclusions 368 (3)
References 369 (1)
Websites 370 (1)
Section 7 International Case Studies 371 (30)
Chapter 27 An Overview of Management Issues 373 (16)
in Developing a Sustainable Water Supply,
Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Service
Delivery in Nigeria
David Oloke
Dayo Olugboye
27.1 Introduction 373 (1)
27.2 Background on WASH Development 374 (2)
27.3 Situation of WASH in Nigeria 376 (1)
27.4 Sanitation and Hygiene 377 (2)
27.5 New Approach to Rural Sanitation 379 (1)
27.6 The Sanitation Ladder Concept 379 (1)
27.7 Management and Sustainability of 380 (2)
WASH facilities
27.8 Rural WASH in Nigeria 382 (3)
27.9 Conclusions 385 (4)
References 386 (3)
Chapter 28 Balancing Flood Risk and Water 389 (12)
Scarcity of the Asian Delta Regions
Jessica E. Lamond
28.1 Introduction 389 (1)
28.2 Characteristics of Flooding in Asia 390 (2)
28.3 Approaches to Risk Reduction 392 (3)
28.4 Flood and Water Management in the 395 (3)
Delta City of Jakarta, Indonesia
28.5 Conclusions 398 (3)
References 399 (2)
Section 8 Summary of the Book 401 (6)
Chapter 29 Water Resources Challenges -- 403 (4)
Penury and Peace
Susanne M. Charlesworth
Colin A. Booth
29.1 Introduction 403 (1)
29.2 Insights Gathered from the Chapters 404 (1)
of this Book
29.3 Dialogue on International Water 404 (2)
Resources Challenges
29.4 Conclusions 406 (1)
References 406 (1)
Index 407
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