Air Distribution in Buildings
[BOOK DESCRIPTION]
Air Distribution in Buildings is a concise and practical guide to air distribution system design and managing air conditioning systems in buildings. Making use of 40 years of experience in the design of air conditioning and ventilations systems, and other electromechanical services, this structured reference for built environment engineering offers in-depth coverage of air distribution technology. The text brings together a wide range of information and offers technical guidance on the design, calculation, and efficient operation of air distribution in buildings. The text highlights the special characteristics of air distribution in individual spaces. It presents the basic and fundamental concepts of air distribution as it relates to grilles and outlets, room space, and buildings. It focuses on air distribution systems in large buildings, starting with simple rooms and then moving on to more complex configurations. It also sums up the latest standards and best practices in air conditioning engineering.* Includes knowledge of the new trends in buildings' air distribution * Provides systematic analyses of the air flow regimes, heat transfer, and relative humidity in a collection of special built environments * Presents energy analyses of the air conditioning systems for operating theaters and sporting facilities in unusual and severe climatic conditions * Offers a description of flow characteristics in archeological monuments with emphasis on combating excessive moisture * Introduces examples of very dense occupancy built environments, moisture sensitive environments, and open space air conditioning * Details advanced treatment of flow characterization in large public buildings This text serves as an ideal resource for air conditioning engineers, contractors, and consultants. It also benefits mechanical and architectural engineering students.
[TABLE OF CONTENTS]
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xv
About the Author xvii
1 Air Distribution Systems 1 (22)
1.1 Airflow Patterns 1 (10)
1.1.1 General 1 (2)
1.1.2 Practical Configurations 3 (1)
1.1.2.1 Grilles and Diffusers 3 (5)
1.1.2.2 Square Ceiling Diffuser with a 8 (1)
Circular Duct Connection
1.1.2.3 Wall-Mounted Supply Grille 8 (1)
1.1.2.4 Ceiling Architectural Diffuser 9 (1)
1.1.2.5 Square Ceiling Diffuser 10 (1)
1.1.2.6 High Ceiling Diffusers 10 (1)
1.1.2.7 Fixed Swirl Diffusers for 10 (1)
Ceiling Installations
1.2 Airflow Efficiency in Rooms 11 (4)
1.3 Noise Criteria 15 (3)
1.4 Air Handling Units 18 (5)
1.4.1 Casing 18 (1)
1.4.2 Mixing Box 19 (1)
1.4.3 Filter Sections 19 (1)
1.4.4 Coil Section Two-Pipe System 19 (1)
1.4.5 Electric Heater Section 19 (1)
1.4.6 Fan Section 20 (1)
References 20 (3)
2 Mathematical Modeling Technique 23 (24)
2.1 Governing Equations 23 (10)
2.1.1 Conservation of Mass: The 23 (1)
Continuity Equation
2.1.1.1 Derivation of the Continuity 23 (1)
Equation
2.1.1.2 Differential Form of the 24 (2)
Continuity Equation
2.1.2 Newton's Second Law: The Linear 26 (1)
Momentum Equation
2.1.2.1 Derivation of the Linear 26 (2)
Momentum Equation
2.1.2.2 Description of Forces Acting on 28 (2)
Differential Element
2.1.2.3 Equations of Motion 30 (1)
2.1.2.4 Viscous Flow 30 (1)
2.1.2.5 Stress--Deformation 30 (1)
Relationships
2.1.2.6 Navier--Stokes Equations 31 (1)
2.1.3 First Law of Thermodynamics: The 32 (1)
Energy Equation
2.1.3.1 Derivation of the Energy 32 (1)
Equation
2.1.3.2 Differential Form 32 (1)
2.2 Numerical Procedure 33 (12)
2.2.1 Differential Equations of Motion 33 (3)
2.2.2 Turbulence Model 36 (3)
2.2.3 Wall Functions 39 (2)
2.2.4 Numerical Solution Procedure 41 (2)
2.2.5 Finite Difference Equations 43 (1)
2.2.6 Solution Algorithm 44 (1)
2.2.6.1 Convergence and Stability 45 (1)
2.3 Conclusions 45 (2)
References 46 (1)
3 Airflow Regimes and Thermal Comfort in a 47 (22)
Room
3.1 Numerical Model 47 (4)
3.1.1 Case Geometry 47 (1)
3.1.2 Boundary Conditions 48 (1)
3.1.2.1 Walls 48 (1)
3.1.2.2 Interior 48 (1)
3.1.2.3 Supply Grilles 48 (1)
3.1.2.4 Light Heat Load 49 (1)
3.1.2.5 Human Body 49 (1)
3.1.2.6 Return Grilles 50 (1)
3.1.2.7 Television Heat Load 50 (1)
3.2 Flow Pattern and Thermal Behavior 51 (16)
3.2.1 General 51 (1)
3.2.2 Design Alternatives 51 (1)
3.2.2.1 Design 1 51 (2)
3.2.2.2 Design 2: Square Diffuser 53 (1)
(60--30--15°)
3.2.2.3 Design 3: Square Diffuser 53 (3)
(90--60--30°)
3.2.2.4 Design 4: Circular Diffuser 56 (3)
(90--60--30°)
3.2.2.5 Design 5: Swirl Flow 59 (2)
3.2.2.6 Design 6: Side Return 61 (3)
3.2.2.7 Design 7: Side Supply 64 (3)
3.3 Conclusions 67 (2)
References 68 (1)
4 Airflow Regimes and Thermal Pattern in 69 (32)
Archeological Monuments
4.1 Historical Background 70 (3)
4.1.1 General 70 (1)
4.1.1.1 External Factors 70 (1)
4.1.1.2 Internal Factors 70 (3)
4.1.2 Main Factors Affecting Human 73 (1)
Comfort
4.2 Background 73 (8)
4.2.1 General 73 (1)
4.2.2 Ventilation in Archeological 73 (1)
Tombs of Valley of the Kings, Luxor
4.2.2.1 Omar Abdel-Aziz and Khalil 73 (4)
(2005)
4.2.2.2 Ezzeldin and Khalil (2006) 77 (4)
4.3 Proposed Design Calculation 81 (11)
Methodology
4.3.1 General 81 (1)
4.3.2 Classification of Tombs 82 (1)
4.3.2.1 Rameses VII Tomb (KV1) 83 (1)
4.3.2.2 Rameses IV Tomb (KV2) 84 (1)
4.3.2.3 Bay Tomb (KV13) 84 (1)
4.3.2.4 Seti II Tomb (KV15) 85 (3)
4.3.3 Mesh Generation 88 (1)
4.3.4 Computational Design Studies 89 (2)
4.3.5 Boundary Conditions 91 (1)
4.3.5.1 Inlet Air Conditions 91 (1)
4.3.5.2 Outlets 91 (1)
4.3.5.3 Walls 91 (1)
4.3.5.4 Visitors 91 (1)
4.4 Proposed Solution 92 (5)
4.4.1 Investigate Decay Mechanisms and 92 (3)
Causes
4.4.2 Design and Construction of 95 (2)
Effective Ventilation System for
Protection and Preservation
4.5 Conclusions 97 (4)
References 97 (1)
Recommended Readings 98 (3)
5 Airflow in Places of Worship 101 (22)
5.1 People and Comfort 102 (1)
5.1.1 Comfort Criteria 102 (1)
5.1.2 Effect of Air Movement 102 (1)
5.1.3 Acceptable Comfort Zone 102 (1)
5.2 Climatic Factors 102 (1)
5.2.1 Climatic Elements Affecting 102 (1)
Natural Cooling
5.2.2 Extrapolating Regional Weather 103 (1)
Data to Specific Sites
5.2.2.1 Humidity 103 (1)
5.2.2.2 Solar Radiation 103 (1)
5.2.2.3 Temperature 103 (1)
5.2.2.4 Wind 103 (1)
5.3 Air Conditioning of Mosques: Ceiling 103 (3)
Designs
5.4 Air Conditioning of Churches: Ceiling 106 (11)
Designs
5.4.1 Model Architecture (Structure) 107 (1)
5.4.1.1 Inlet Air Conditions 107 (2)
5.4.1.2 Air Inlets and Outlets 109 (1)
5.4.1.3 Walls 109 (1)
5.4.1.4 Visitors' Bodies and Faces 109 (1)
5.4.2 Velocity Predictions 109 (8)
5.5 Air Distribution in Mosques: 117 (5)
Free-Stand Units
5.6 Conclusions 122 (1)
References 122 (1)
6 Airflow Patterns in Healthcare Facilities 123 (20)
6.1 Airflow Characteristics for Comfort 123 (1)
6.2 Early Practice of Airflow Design 124 (1)
6.3 Present Observations 125 (1)
6.4 Problem Analysis 126 (1)
6.5 Modeled Equations 127 (3)
6.6 Flow Pattern Analyses 130 (7)
6.6.1 Experimental Facility 131 (1)
6.6.2 Numerical Program 132 (5)
6.7 Conclusions 137 (6)
References 139 (1)
Recommended Readings 139 (4)
7 Examples of Typical Air Conditioning 143 (28)
Projects
7.1 Environmental Control 143 (2)
7.1.1 Temperatures 143 (1)
7.1.2 Relative Humidity Control 143 (1)
7.1.3 Airflow Velocity Control 144 (1)
7.1.4 Ventilation 144 (1)
7.2 Air Filtration 145 (1)
7.3 Pressure Relationships and Ventilation 145 (2)
7.4 Air Movement 147 (1)
7.5 Air Quality 147 (1)
7.6 Smoke Control 148 (1)
7.7 Fire Control 148 (1)
7.8 Noise Criteria 149 (1)
7.9 Factors Affecting System Selection 149 (3)
7.9.1 General Design Factors 149 (1)
7.9.2 Load Characteristics 150 (1)
7.9.3 Design Factors 151 (1)
7.9.3.1 Comfort Level 151 (1)
7.9.3.2 Costs 151 (1)
7.9.3.3 Local Conditions 152 (1)
7.9.3.4 Automatic Temperature Control 152 (1)
7.9.3.5 Fire, Smoke, and Odor Control 152 (1)
7.10 HVAC Life Cycle Cost Analyses 152 (5)
7.10.1 Introduction 152 (2)
7.10.2 Owning Costs Analysis 154 (1)
7.10.3 Operating Costs Analysis 155 (1)
7.10.4 Maintenance Costs Analysis 156 (1)
7.10.5 Design Specifications 156 (1)
7.11 Further Examples 157 (11)
7.12 Engineering Tips for 168 (1)
Energy-Efficient Buildings
7.13 Conclusions 169 (2)
References 170 (1)
8 Indoor Environmental Quality 171 (16)
8.1 Definitions 171 (2)
8.2 IEQ Mandatory Provisions 173 (4)
8.2.1 Indoor Air Quality 174 (1)
8.2.2 Minimum Ventilation Rates 174 (1)
8.2.3 Outdoor Air Delivery Monitoring 174 (1)
8.2.3.1 Spaces Ventilated by Mechanical 174 (1)
Systems
8.2.3.2 Naturally Ventilated Spaces 175 (1)
8.2.3.3 CO2 Sensors 175 (1)
8.2.4 Filtration and Air Cleaner 176 (1)
Requirements
8.2.4.1 Particulate Matter 176 (1)
8.2.4.2 Ozone 176 (1)
8.2.4.3 Bypass Pathways 176 (1)
8.2.5 Environmental Tobacco Smoke 176 (1)
8.2.6 Building Entrances 176 (1)
8.2.6.1 Scraper Surface 177 (1)
8.2.6.2 Absorption Surface 177 (1)
8.2.6.3 Finishing Surface 177 (1)
8.3 Thermal Environmental Conditions for 177 (1)
Human Occupancy Comfort
8.4 Acoustical Control 178 (1)
8.4.1 Exterior Sound 178 (1)
8.4.2 Interior Sound 178 (1)
8.4.3 Outdoor-Indoor Transmission Class 179 (1)
and Sound Transmission Class
8.5 Daylighting by Top Lighting 179 (1)
8.5.1 Minimum Daylight Zone by Top 179 (1)
Lighting
8.5.2 Skylight Characteristics 179 (1)
8.6 Isolation of the Building from 180 (1)
Pollutants in Soil
8.7 Prescriptive Option 180 (4)
8.7.1 Daylighting by Side Lighting 180 (1)
8.7.1.1 Minimum Effective Aperture 180 (1)
8.7.1.2 Office Space Shading 181 (1)
8.7.2 Materials 182 (1)
8.7.2.1 Adhesives and Sealants 182 (1)
8.7.2.2 VOC Content Requirements 182 (1)
8.7.3 Paints and Coatings 183 (1)
8.7.4 Floor Covering Materials 183 (1)
8.7.5 Composite Wood, Wood Structural 183 (1)
Panel, and Agrifiber Products
8.7.6 Office Furniture Systems and 184 (1)
Seating
8.7.7 Ceiling and Wall Systems 184 (1)
8.8 Performance Option 184 (3)
8.8.1 Daylighting Simulation 184 (1)
8.8.1.1 Usable Illuminance in Office 184 (1)
Spaces and Classrooms
8.8.2 Direct Sun Limitation on Work 185 (1)
Plane Surface in Offices
8.8.3 Materials 185 (1)
References 186 (1)
9 Energy Efficiency in Air-Conditioned 187 (22)
Buildings
9.1 Air-Conditioned Applications 187 (6)
9.1.1 Comfort Levels 188 (1)
9.1.1.1 Preamble 188 (1)
9.1.1.2 Problem Identification 188 (1)
9.1.1.3 Status Quo 189 (1)
9.1.1.4 Conclusions 190 (1)
9.1.2 Air Quality 190 (1)
9.1.2.1 Preamble 190 (2)
9.1.2.2 Problem Identification 192 (1)
9.1.2.3 Status Quo 192 (1)
9.1.2.4 Conclusions 193 (1)
9.2 Energy Efficiency 193 (1)
9.2.1 Preamble 193 (1)
9.2.2 Problem Identification 194 (1)
9.2.3 Status Quo 194 (1)
9.2.4 Conclusions 194 (1)
9.3 Evaluation Indices 194 (2)
9.3.1 Preamble 194 (1)
9.3.2 Problem Identification 195 (1)
9.3.3 Status Quo 195 (1)
9.3.4 Conclusions 195 (1)
9.4 Observations 196 (1)
9.4.1 Technical Observations 196 (1)
9.4.2 Environmental Observations 197 (1)
9.5 International Energy Standards 197 (5)
9.5.1 General 197 (1)
9.5.2 Rationale and Benefits 198 (1)
9.5.3 International Standards for 199 (1)
Energy-Efficient Buildings
9.5.3.1 Technical/Policy 199 (1)
9.5.3.2Proposed Process 200 (1)
9.5.4 Efforts by the International 201 (1)
Organization for Standardization (ISO)
9.5.4.1 Technical Committee ISO TC 163 201 (1)
9.5.4.2 Technical Committee ISO TC 205 201 (1)
9.6 Energy-Efficient Buildings 202 (2)
9.6.1 Energy Declaration of Buildings 202 (1)
9.6.2 Energy Declaration of Existing 203 (1)
Buildings
9.6.3 Energy Declaration of New 203 (1)
Buildings
9.6.4 Issues for International 204 (1)
Collaboration
9.7 Concluding Remarks 204 (5)
References 205 (4)
Appendix A Nomenclature 209 (4)
Appendix B Climatic Conditions in Luxor 213 (2)
Appendix C Glossary 215 (18)
Index 233
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