Sustainable Water Engineering : Theory and Practice

[BOOK DESCRIPTION]

Ensuring safe and plentiful supplies of potable water (both now and for future generations) and developing sustainable treatment processes for wastewater are among the world's greatest engineering challenges. However, sustainability requires investment of money, time and knowledge. Some parts of the world are already working towards this goal but many nations have neither the political will nor the resources to tackle even basic provision and sanitation. Combining theory and practice from the developing and developed worlds with high- and low-tech, high- and low-cost solutions, this book discusses fundamental and advanced aspects of water engineering and includes: * water resource issues including climate change, water scarcity, economic and financial aspects * requirements for sustainable water systems * fundamentals of treatment and process design * industrial water use and wastewater treatment * sustainable effluent disposal * sustainable construction principles With integrated theory, design and operation specifications for each treatment process, this book addresses the extent to which various treatment methods work in theory as well as how cost effective they are in practice.It provides a nontechnical guide on how to recover and reuse water from effluent, which is suitable for those in water resource management, environmental planning, civil and chemical engineering.

[TABLE OF CONTENTS]

Preface                                            xi
Abbreviations                                      xiii
Glossary                                           xvii
1 Water Crisis                                     1   (34)
  1.1 Water Resource Issues                        6   (3)
    1.1.1 Water Footprint                          8   (1)
  1.2 Climate Change and Its Influence on          9   (3)
  Global Water Resources
  1.3 Protection and Enhancement of Natural        12  (1)
  Watershed and Aquifer Environments
  1.4 Water Engineering for Sustainable Coastal    12  (1)
  and Offshore Environments
  1.5 Endangering World Peace and Security         13  (2)
  1.6 Awareness among Decision Makers and the      15  (1)
  Public across the World
  1.7 Criteria for Sustainable Water Management    16  (2)
  1.8 Water Scarcity and Millennium Development    18  (1)
  Goals
  1.9 Lack of Access to Clean Drinking Water       19  (1)
  and Sanitation
  1.10 Fragmentation of Water Management           20  (2)
  1.11 Economics and Financial Aspects             22  (6)
    1.11.1 Water Treatment and Distribution        24  (3)
    1.11.2 Wastewater Treatment, Collection and    27  (1)
    Disposal
  1.12 Legal Aspects                               28  (2)
  References                                       30  (5)
2 Requirements for the Sustainability of Water     35  (48)
Systems
  2.1 History of Water Distribution and            38  (2)
  Wastewater Collection
  2.2 Integrated Water Management                  40  (4)
  2.3 Sewerage Treatment and Urban Pollution       44  (1)
  Management
  2.4 Conventional Water Supply                    45  (26)
    2.4.1 Features                                 49  (1)
    2.4.2 Capacity and Pressure Requirements       50  (2)
    2.4.3 Design and Hydraulic Analysis of         52  (3)
    Distribution System
    2.4.4 Unsustainable Characteristics            55  (9)
    2.4.5 Sustainable Approach                     64  (7)
  2.5 Conventional Wastewater Collection Systems   71  (9)
    2.5.1 Features                                 71  (6)
    2.5.2 Unsustainable Characteristics            77  (2)
    2.5.3 Sustainable Approach                     79  (1)
  References                                       80  (3)
3 Water Quality Issues                             83  (80)
  3.1 Water-Related Diseases                       84  (5)
    3.1.1 Transmission Vectors                     85  (1)
    3.1.2 Field Testing and Monitoring             85  (4)
    3.1.3 Village-Level Monitoring                 89  (1)
  3.2 Selection Options for Water Supply Source    89  (10)
    3.2.1 Spring Capping                           91  (2)
    3.2.2 Simple Tube Wells                        93  (2)
    3.2.3 Hand Pumps                               95  (1)
    3.2.4 Rainwater Harvesting                     95  (3)
    3.2.5 Fog and Dew Harvesting                   98  (1)
    3.2.6 Snow Harvesting                          99  (1)
  3.3 On-Site Sanitation                           99  (11)
    3.3.1 Latrines                                 99  (4)
    3.3.2 Septic Tanks                             103 (1)
    3.3.3 Aqua Privies                             103 (1)
    3.3.4 Oxidation Pond Treatment Systems         103 (2)
    3.3.5 Storm Drainage                           105 (5)
  3.4 Water Quality Characteristics of Potable     110 (37)
  Drinking Water and Wastewater Effluents
    3.4.1 Physical Parameters                      110 (3)
    3.4.2 Chemical Parameters                      113 (14)
    3.4.3 Solids in Water                          127 (12)
    3.4.4 Biological Parameters                    139 (8)
  3.5 Standards and Consents                       147 (2)
    3.5.1 Potable Water Standards                  147 (1)
    3.5.2 Wastewater Effluent Standards            148 (1)
  3.6 Kinetics of Biochemical Oxygen Demand        149 (1)
  3.7 Water Management for Wildlife Conservation   149 (3)
  3.8 Water-Quality Deterioration                  152 (1)
  References                                       153 (10)
4 Fundamentals of Treatment and Process Design,    163 (74)
and Sustainability
  4.1 History of Water and Wastewater Treatment    164 (4)
  Regulatory Issues across the World
    4.1.1 Low-Tech versus Hi-Tech                  165 (2)
    4.1.2 Low Cost versus High Cost                167 (1)
  4.2 Design Principles for Sustainable            168 (6)
  Treatment Systems
    4.2.1 Low Carbon                               168 (1)
    4.2.2 Low Energy                               168 (4)
    4.2.3 Low Chemical Use                         172 (1)
    4.2.4 Modelling of Treatment Processes to      172 (1)
    Attain Sustainability
    4.2.5 Operation, Management, Financial,        173 (1)
    Socio-Economic Aspect
  4.3 Preliminary and Primary Treatment            174 (11)
    4.3.1 Screening                                174 (1)
    4.3.2 Coarse-Solid Reduction                   174 (1)
    4.3.3 Grease Removal Chamber                   174 (3)
    4.3.4 Flow Equalization                        177 (1)
    4.3.5 Mixing and Flocculation                  177 (3)
    4.3.6 Sedimentation                            180 (3)
    4.3.7 Flotation                                183 (2)
  4.4 Secondary Treatment                          185 (18)
    4.4.1 Biological Treatment                     185 (17)
    4.4.2 Vermifiltration                          202 (1)
    4.4.3 Chemical Treatment                       202 (1)
  4.5 Tertiary Treatment                           203 (8)
    4.5.1 Filtration                               203 (2)
    4.5.2 Activated Carbon Treatment               205 (1)
    4.5.3 Ion Exchange                             206 (1)
    4.5.4 Forward and Reverse Osmosis, Membrane    206 (1)
    Filtration, Membrane Bioreactor, Membrane
    Distillation, and Electro Dialysis
    4.5.5 Air Stripping                            207 (2)
    4.5.6 Disinfection and Fluoridation            209 (2)
    4.5.7 Removal of Specific Constituents         211 (1)
  4.6 Emerging Technologies                        211 (4)
    4.6.1 Nanotechnology applied for Water         212 (1)
    Purification
    4.6.2 Photocatalysis                           212 (2)
    4.6.3 Evaporation                              214 (1)
    4.6.4 Incineration                             214 (1)
    4.6.5 Sono-Photo-Fenton Process                214 (1)
  4.7 Residual Management                          215 (5)
    4.7.1 Thickening                               216 (1)
    4.7.2 Drying                                   216 (1)
    4.7.3 Stabilization                            216 (1)
    4.7.4 Digestion                                217 (1)
    4.7.5 Composting                               217 (1)
    4.7.6 Dewatering                               218 (1)
    4.7.7 Incineration                             218 (1)
    4.7.8 Remediation of Contaminants in           219 (1)
    Subsurface
  4.8 Portable Water Purification Kit              220 (1)
  4.9 Requirements of Electrical,                  220 (12)
  Instrumentation and Mechanical Equipment in
  Water and Wastewater Treatment to Achieve
  Sustainability
    4.9.1 Electrical Equipment and Energy          221 (2)
    Requirement
    4.9.2 Piping and Instrumentation               223 (1)
    4.9.3 Mechanical Equipment Requirements and    224 (1)
    Related Issues
    4.9.4 Systems and Operational Issues           224 (1)
    4.9.5 Real-Time Control                        225 (1)
    4.9.6 Indicators of Sustainable                225 (1)
    Performance; Systems Approach for
    Sustainability Assessment of Water
    Infrastructure
    4.9.7 Troubleshooting                          226 (2)
    4.9.8 Operational Checks for the STP           228 (1)
    4.9.9 Design, Construction and Engineering     228 (1)
    Checks for the WWTP
    4.9.10 Odour Management                        228 (4)
  References                                       232 (5)
5 Sustainable Industrial Water Use and             237 (60)
Wastewater Treatment
  5.1 Sustainable Principles in Industrial         237 (45)
  Water Use and Wastewater Treatment
    5.1.1 Industries with High Dissolved Solids    240 (2)
    5.1.2 Industries/Activities with High          242 (40)
    Inorganic Content
  5.2 Industries with Low Dissolved Solids         282 (10)
    5.2.1 Industries with Low Amounts of           282 (2)
    Inorganic Materials
    5.2.2 Industries Dealing with Low Dissolved    284 (8)
    Organic Material
  References                                       292 (5)
6 Sustainable Effluent Disposal                    297 (34)
  6.1 Dissolved Oxygen Sag Curves, Mass Balance    299 (3)
  Calculations and Basic River Models
  6.2 Disposal Options and Impact on Environment   302 (8)
    6.2.1 Ocean Disposal                           304 (2)
    6.2.2 Disposal into Fresh Water Bodies         306 (2)
    6.2.3 On-Land Disposal                         308 (2)
  6.3 Sustainable Reuse Options and Practice       310 (16)
    6.3.1 Toilet Flushing                          317 (1)
    6.3.2 Floor Washing                            317 (1)
    6.3.3 Sustainable Wastewater Irrigation        317 (3)
    6.3.4 Nonpotable Industrial Use                320 (6)
  References                                       326 (5)
7 Sustainable Construction of Water Structures     331 (22)
  7.1 Sustainable Construction - Principles        333 (10)
    7.1.1 Green Building                           337 (2)
    7.1.2 Cementless Construction                  339 (1)
    7.1.3 Choosing Eco-Friendly Construction       340 (1)
    Material
    7.1.4 Energy Saving during Construction        341 (2)
    7.1.5 Precautions to be Taken during           343 (1)
    Construction to save Energy during
    Operations
  7.2 Intake Structures                            343 (1)
  7.3 Treatment Plants                             344 (1)
  7.4 Water Storage and Distribution Systems       344 (4)
  7.5 Wastewater Collection and Disposal System    348 (2)
  References                                       350 (3)
8 Safety Issues in Sustainable Water Management    353 (52)
  8.1 Health, Safety and Sustainability            356 (3)
  8.2 Safety of Consumer versus Operator           359 (11)
  8.3 Safety of People and Animals other than      370 (7)
  Consumers and Operators
  8.4 Safety Issues during Construction            377 (3)
    8.4.1 Electrical Protective Devices            380 (1)
  8.5 Chemical Handling and Storage                380 (3)
    8.5.1 Chlorine                                 382 (1)
    8.5.2 Herbicides/Pesticides                    383 (1)
  8.6 Safety during Water/Wastewater Treatment     383 (15)
  Plant Operation
    8.6.1 Work-Permit System                       398 (1)
  8.7 Disaster Management                          398 (2)
  References                                       400 (5)
Index                                              405