The Landscape Lighting Book

[BOOK DESCRIPTION]

This richly illustrated, up-to-date guide offers practical coverage of all aspects of lighting design. Written by an award-winning, internationally known lighting designer, it covers lighting practices, materials, and their design applications and offers guidelines for preparing lighting drawings, control and transfer charts, symbol lists, and other technical specifications. This edition provides a new focus on the use of LEDs, as well as new and expanded coverage of renderings Mesopic Vision, and the latest controls approaches and systems.

[TABLE OF CONTENTS]

Prefaces                                           xii
Acknowledgements                                   xiv
  I PROJECT DEVELOPMENT
    1 Assessing Project Needs                      1  (12)
      Interviewing Clients and the Design Team     1  (3)
        Clients                                    1  (1)
        Clients' Expectations                      1  (1)
        Maintenance                                2  (1)
        Landscape Maintenance                      2  (1)
        Lighting Maintenance                       3  (1)
        Budget                                     3  (1)
        Deadlines                                  3  (1)
        Other Design Team Members                  4  (1)
      Reviewing Architectural and Landscape        4  (2)
      Plans
      Visiting the Site                            6  (4)
        Documenting Site Conditions                7  (1)
        Soil Considerations                        7  (3)
      Synthesizing the Information                 10 (1)
      References                                   11 (2)
    2 Vision and Perception of Light               13 (6)
      How the-Eye Works                            13 (2)
      Designing for the Eye                        15 (1)
      Perception                                   16 (1)
      References                                   17 (2)
    3 Luminous Composition                         19 (14)
      Defining Objectives                          19 (1)
      Expressing Ideas                             19 (14)
        Observation                                21 (1)
        Imagination                                21 (1)
        Composition Elements                       22 (1)
        Depth                                      22 (1)
        Visual Boundaries                          22 (5)
        Quality and Direction of Light             27 (1)
        View                                       27 (2)
        Mood or Atmosphere                         29 (3)
        Balance                                    32 (1)
        Focal Points                               32 (1)
        Cohesion                                   32 (1)
    4 The Design Process: Documenting and          33 (32)
    Installing Landscape Lighting
      Project Communications                       34 (1)
      Computer-Aided Design (CAD)                  34 (1)
        Document Standards                         35 (1)
        CAD Standards                              35 (1)
      Conceptual Design Phase Documents            35 (10)
        Presentation Drawings                      36 (3)
        Types of Presentation Drawings             39 (1)
        Mock-up Sessions                           40 (4)
        Preliminary Budget                         44 (1)
      Design Development Phase                     45 (1)
      Construction or Contract Documents           46 (2)
        Plans or Working Drawings                  46 (1)
        Index of Drawings                          46 (1)
        Project Layout Key                         46 (1)
        Standard Symbols and Abbreviations         47 (1)
        Notes                                      47 (1)
      Lighting Layout, Schedule, and Detail        48 (6)
      Sheets
        Details Including Schedules                51 (1)
        Specifications                             51 (1)
        General Section                            51 (1)
        Lighting Fixture Section                   52 (1)
        Three Typical Fixture Specification        53 (1)
        Formats
        Cut Sheets                                 53 (1)
      Bidding Process Phase                        54 (4)
      Construction Phase                           58 (2)
        Submittal Drawings and Samples             58 (1)
        Construction                               58 (1)
        Locating Fixtures On Site                  59 (1)
        Locating Tree-Mounted Fixtures             59 (1)
      Aiming and Adjusting the Lighting System     60 (5)
    5 Follow-up Work: Record Documents and         65 (20)
    Project Maintenance
      Record Documents Package                     65 (9)
        Updated Design and Installation            67 (1)
        Documents
        Updated Lighting Plans                     67 (1)
        Fixture Location                           67 (1)
        Using Photographs to Locate Lighting       68 (1)
        Equipment
        Lamping Information                        68 (1)
        Aiming Notation                            69 (1)
        Shielding Notation                         69 (1)
        Updated and New Project Schedules          69 (1)
        Project Service Directory                  70 (1)
        Controls Adjustments and Settings          71 (1)
        Maintenance Documents                      71 (1)
        Maintenance Issues                         71 (3)
        Maintenance Equipment and Spare Parts      74 (1)
      Maintenance Work                             74 (5)
        Focus Adjustment                           75 (1)
        Lamp Replacement                           75 (2)
        Fixture Cleaning                           77 (1)
        Maintaining the Proper Fixture Aiming      78 (1)
        Stocking and Restocking Supplies           78 (1)
      Design Adjustment                            79 (3)
        Reaiming Existing Fixtures                 81 (1)
        Relamping Existing Fixtures                81 (1)
        Relocating Existing Fixtures               81 (1)
        Removing Existing Fixtures                 82 (1)
        Adding New Fixtures                        82 (1)
      Updating the Record Documents                82 (1)
      References                                   83 (2)
  II MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGY                      85 (108)
    6 Light Sources                                87 (18)
      New Lamps                                    87 (5)
        Light Emitting Diodes (LED)                87 (2)
        LED Color                                  89 (1)
        LED Configuration, Output, and             90 (1)
        Beamspread
        LED Lamp Types                             90 (2)
      Traditional Lamps                            92 (7)
        Incandescent and Filament Lamps            92 (1)
        Tungsten-Halogen Lamps                     92 (1)
        Frequently Used Types                      92 (1)
        MR Lamps                                   93 (1)
        PAR Lamps                                  93 (1)
        R Lamps                                    94 (1)
        Miniature and Subminiature Lamps           94 (1)
        Comparing 120-Volt and Low-Voltage         94 (1)
        Lamps for Landscape Use
        Discharge Lamps                            95 (2)
        High-Intensity Discharge Lamps             97 (1)
        Mercury Vapor                              97 (1)
        Metal Halide                               97 (1)
        High-Pressure Sodium                       98 (1)
        Low-Pressure Sodium                        98 (1)
        Fluorescent Lamps                          98 (1)
        Cold Cathode, Including Neon               98 (1)
      Functional and Operating Characteristics     99 (4)
        Physical Characteristics                   100(1)
        Bulb or Envelope                           100(1)
        Shapes and Sizes                           100(1)
        Base                                       101(1)
        Filament, Electrodes, and Arc Tubes        101(1)
        Physical Dimensions                        101(1)
        Operating Characteristics                  102(1)
        Lamp Operating Position                    102(1)
        Bulb-Wall and Base Operating Temperature   102(1)
        Voltage                                    102(1)
        Beam Spread                                102(1)
        Life and Lumen Depreciation                103(1)
      Understanding Color of Light Produced        103(1)
      U.S. Government Phase-Out of Traditional     104(1)
      Lamps
      Evaluating Lamps for Use in Landscape        104(1)
      Lighting
      References                                   104(1)
    7 Light Fixtures                               105(32)
      Selection Criteria                           105(1)
        Aesthetics                                 105(1)
        Function                                   106(1)
        Construction                               106(1)
        Cost                                       106(1)
      Fixture Components                           106(13)
        Fixtures using LED Lamps                   106(1)
        LED Replacement Lamps                      106(1)
        Permanent or Replaceable Module LED        107(2)
        Lamps
        Self Contained LED Lamp Unit               109(1)
        Wattage and Beamspread Options             109(1)
        Parts that comprise an LED System          109(1)
        Printed Circuit Board                      109(1)
        Driver                                     110(1)
        LED/LED Fixture System Tests               111(1)
        Fixtures using Traditional Lamps           111(1)
        Lamp Type and Wattage                      111(2)
        Adjustment Capabilities                    113(1)
        Ability to Add Accessories                 113(1)
        Mechanical Features                        114(1)
        Construction                               114(3)
        Custom Design or Modification              117(1)
        Attachment of Lenses                       117(1)
        Access to Lamp, Transformer, and           117(1)
        Ballast Compartments
        Waterproofing                              117(1)
        Locking Mechanisms                         118(1)
        Lamp Shielding                             118(1)
        Optics                                     119(1)
        Environmental Considerations               119(1)
        Thermal Considerations                     119(1)
      Fixture Types                                119(10)
        Decorative Fixtures                        119(1)
        Lanterns                                   120(1)
        Bollard and Path Fixtures                  120(1)
        Post, Wall-Mounted, Ceiling Mounted and    121(1)
        Hanging Fixtures
        Functional Fixtures                        121(1)
        Surface or Tree-Mounted Fixtures           122(2)
        Ground-Mounted Adjustable Fixtures         124(1)
        Hanging Fixtures                           125(1)
        Ground-Recessed Fixtures                   125(2)
        Underwater Accent Fixtures                 127(1)
        Underwater Niche Fixtures                  128(1)
        Wet-Dry Fixtures                           128(1)
        Strip Light Fixtures                       128(1)
        120-Volt or Low-Voltage Fixtures           128(1)
        Fiber Optics                               129(1)
      Accessories                                  129(5)
        Ballast                                    129(1)
        Transformer                                130(1)
        Mounting Boxes                             130(3)
        Mounting Stakes                            133(1)
        Shrouds                                    133(1)
        Louvers                                    133(1)
        Lenses                                     133(1)
        Color Media                                134(1)
      Safety                                       134(3)
        Codes                                      134(1)
        Labels                                     134(1)
        Testing                                    135(1)
        Damp Location Requirements                 135(1)
        Wet Location Requirements                  135(1)
        Underwater Requirements                    136(1)
        Salt Spray Tests                           136(1)
        Scratch Test                               136(1)
    8 Corrosion, Materials, and Finishes           137(18)
      Corrosion                                    137(4)
        Water                                      137(1)
        Soil                                       138(1)
        Presence of Soil Moisture                  138(1)
        Oxygen Supply                              138(1)
        pH Value                                   138(1)
        Temperature                                139(1)
        Prevention                                 139(1)
        Atmosphere                                 139(1)
        Corrosion Protection                       140(1)
      Types of Corrosion                           141(1)
        Uniform Corrosion                          141(1)
        Pitting Corrosion                          141(1)
        Crevice Corrosion                          141(1)
        Deposit Corrosion                          141(1)
        Erosion Corrosion                          141(1)
        Bimetallic or Galvanic Corrosion           141(1)
        Stray-Current Corrosion                    142(1)
        Selective or Dealloying Corrosion          142(1)
      Materials                                    142(8)
        Ferrous Metals                             142(1)
        Ferrous                                    142(1)
        Cast Iron                                  143(1)
        Stainless Steel and Alloys                 143(1)
        Nonferrous Metals and Alloys               143(1)
        Aluminum and Alloys                        143(2)
        Copper and Alloys                          145(1)
        Brass                                      145(1)
        Bronzes                                    146(1)
        Zinc                                       146(1)
        Glass                                      146(2)
        Plastics                                   148(1)
        Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)                   149(1)
        Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS)      149(1)
        Epoxy                                      149(1)
        Silicone                                   149(1)
        Polymethyl Methacrylate (Acrylic)          149
        Polycarbonate (Lexan)                      140(10)
        Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer Rubber    150(1)
        (EPDM)
        Neoprene                                   150(1)
      Finishes                                     150(3)
        Anodizing                                  151(1)
        Clear Anodize and Dye                      151(1)
        Two-Step or Two-Step Electrolytic          151(1)
        Duranodic (Alcoa) or Kalcolor (Kaiser)     151(1)
        Powder Coat                                152(1)
        Verdigris or Verdi Green                   152(1)
        Temporary Finish                           153(1)
      References                                   153(2)
    9 Controls                                     155(14)
      Control System Issues                        155(1)
      Designing Control Systems                    156(4)
        Residential Spaces                         157(2)
        Commercial Spaces                          159(1)
        Single-Use Spaces                          159(1)
        Multiple-Use Spaces                        159(1)
      Types of Control Devices                     160(9)
        Manual Switches                            161(1)
        Dimming Switches                          161(1)
        LED Dimming                                161(1)
        Phase Control                              161(1)
        DALI                                       161(1)
        DMX512                                     161(2)
        Incandescent Dimming                       163(1)
        Preset Incandescent Dimming Systems        164(1)
        Fluorescent Dimming                        164(1)
        HID Dimming                                165(1)
        Photoelectric Controls                     165(1)
        Time Switches                              166(1)
        Motion Detectors                           167(1)
        Wireless Controls                          167(2)
    10 Wiring                                      169(24)
      Power and Power Distribution                 169(11)
        Safety                                     170(1)
        Complying with the National Electrical     171(2)
        Code
        Grounding                                  173(1)
        Fuses and Circuit Breakers                 173(1)
        12 Volts versus 120 Volts                  174(1)
        Type, Size, and Condition of a Site        175(1)
        Lamps and Fixtures                         175(1)
        Amperage                                   175(1)
        Fixture Mounting                           176(2)
        Connections                                178(1)
        Voltage Drop                               178(2)
      Elements of a Wiring System                  180(6)
        Conductors                                 180(2)
        Electrical Connections                     182(2)
        Conduits                                   184(2)
      Wiring Approaches                            186(5)
        Fixtures Mounted at Grade                  186(1)
        Daisy Chain Wiring Method                  187(1)
        Loop Wiring Method                         187(1)
        Multiple-Feed Wiring Method                187(3)
        Multiple-Transformer Wiring Method         190(1)
        Fixtures Mounted in Trees                  190(1)
      Planning for the Future                      191(2)
  III APPLICATIONS                                 193(26)
    11 Residential Spaces                          195(10)
      Working with the Owner                       195(1)
      Design Considerations                        196(9)
        Property Characteristics                   196(2)
        Arrival                                    198(1)
        Circulation                                198(1)
        Views                                      198(1)
        Owner's Preference                         199(1)
        Equipment Selection                        200(1)
        Light Sources                              200(1)
        Fixtures                                   201(2)
        Controls                                   203(2)
    12 Public Spaces                               205(6)
      Design Issues                                205(3)
        Nature of Public Projects                  205(1)
        Safety and Security                        205(1)
        Circulation                                206(1)
        Anticipated Activities                     206(1)
        Image                                      207(1)
        Controls                                   208(1)
      Equipment Selection                          208(1)
        Light Sources                              208(1)
        Fixtures                                   209(1)
      Project Management                           209(2)
    13 Atria                                       211(8)
      Residential Spaces                           211(1)
      Commercial Spaces                            212(1)
      Lighting for Plant Growth                    213(4)
        Quality of Light                           213(2)
        Quantity of Light                          215(1)
        Light and Dark Time Periods                215(1)
        Intensity Levels                           216(1)
        Acclimatizing Plants for Atrium Life       217(1)
        Direction of Light                         217(1)
      References                                   217(2)
  IV ELEMENTS OF DESIGN                            219(102)
    14 Plant Materials                             221(30)
      Techniques for Lighting Plants               221(1)
      Evaluating Plant Materials                   222(17)
        General Plant Considerations               224(1)
        Name including Genus, Species and          224(1)
        Variety
        Deciduous or Evergreen                     224(1)
        Form                                       225(1)
        Leaf Density and Overlap                   225(1)
        Size at Planting                           225(1)
        Mature Height and Spread                   226(1)
        Growth Rate                                226(1)
        Special Features                           226(3)
        Selected Specimen Considerations           229(1)
        Location on Site                           229(1)
        Health                                     229(1)
        Size                                       229(1)
        Specific Growth/Form/Habit                 229(1)
        Importance to Visual Composition           229(1)
        Interference Regarding Light               229(2)
        Distribution
        Future Growth                              231(1)
        Pruning Plan                               231(1)
        Physical Characteristics                   232(1)
        Texture                                    232(1)
        Leaf Type                                  232(1)
        Branching Pattern                          232(2)
        Foliage Color                              234(1)
        Branch/Trunk Characteristics               234(1)
        Flowering Characteristics                  234(1)
        Dormancy Characterisitics                  235(1)
        Physical Appearance                        235(3)
        Growth                                     238(1)
      The Plant's Role in Composition              239(12)
        Direction of Light                         241(1)
        Front Lighting                             241(1)
        Back Lighting                              242(1)
        Side Lighting                              242(1)
        Uplighting                                 243(4)
        Downlighting                               247(2)
        The Role of the Transition Plant           249(1)
        Boundary or Divider Role                   249(2)
    15 Garden Evolution: Changes That Affect       251(16)
    Lighting
      Lighting System Infrastructure               251(1)
      Garden Evolution                             251(1)
      Changes Through the Seasons of One Year      251(4)
        Winter                                     253(1)
        Spring                                     253(1)
        Summer                                     254(1)
        Fall                                       254(1)
      Changing Roles                               255(12)
        Growth of an Individual Plant              255(4)
        Garden Evolution Influences Plant Role     259(1)
        Gradual Change                             259(3)
        Radical Change                             262(1)
        The Relationship of Pruning with           263(4)
        Lighting
    16 Sculptures, Architectural Structures,       267(14)
    and Signage
      Sculptures                                   269(6)
        Uplighting versus Downlighting             269(4)
        Techniques                                 273(1)
        One Viewing Direction                      273(1)
        Multiple Viewing Directions                274(1)
      Architectural Structures                     275(3)
      Signage                                      278(2)
      Reference                                    280(1)
    17 Walkways and Stairs                         281(16)
      Walkways                                     281(9)
        Planning Issues                            283(1)
        Lighting Level                             283(1)
        Safe Movement                              284(1)
        Paving or Path Material                    284(1)
        Light Patterns                             285(1)
        Fixture Selection                          286(1)
        Decorative Fixtures                        287(2)
        Hidden Fixtures                            289(1)
      City Streets and Sidewalks                   290(2)
      Steps and Staircases                         292(5)
        Downlight                                  293(1)
        Sidelight                                  293(1)
        Tread-Integrated Light                     294(1)
        Decorative Fixtures                        294(3)
    18 Building Elevation Lighting                 297(12)
      Luminous Composition                         297(5)
        Floodlighting                              300(1)
        Grazing                                    300(1)
        Patterns of Light                          301(1)
        Internal Building Lighting                 301(1)
        Color                                      301(1)
      Fixture Location                             302(2)
      Equipment                                    304(2)
        Light Sources                              304(1)
        Incandescent                               305(1)
        Fluorescent                                305(1)
        High-Intensity Discharge                   306(1)
        Fixtures                                   306(1)
      Lighting Levels                              306(2)
      Maintenance                                  308(1)
    19 Water Features                              309(12)
      Design Considerations                        309(4)
        Physical Properties of Light               309(1)
        Refraction of Light                        309(1)
        Effect of Light on Aerated or Turbulent    310(1)
        Water
        Effect of Light on Flat or Smooth Water    310(1)
        Dispersion of Light in Water               310(1)
        Fixture Location                           310(1)
        Locating Fixtures Below the Water's        310(2)
        Surface
        Locating Fixtures Above the Water's        312(1)
        Surface
      Types of Water Features                      313(1)
      Waterfalls                                   313(3)
        Fountains                                  314(1)
        Pool and Pond Surfaces                     315(1)
      Safety                                       316(1)
      Equipment for Underwater Use                 316(5)
        Lamps                                      316(1)
        Fixtures                                   316(1)
        Shore-Scraping                             317(1)
        Fiber Optics                               317(4)
  APPENDIX                                         321(40)
      Documents                                    322(27)
      Lighting Manufacturers Directory             349(8)
      Bibliography                                 357(4)
Index                                              361