Reinforced Concrete Design to Eurocodes: Design Theory and Examples
[Book Description]
This fourth edition of a bestselling textbook has been extensively rewritten and expanded in line with the current Eurocodes. It presents the principles of the design of concrete elements and of complete structures, with practical illustrations of the theory. It explains the background to the Eurocode rules and goes beyond the core topics to cover the design of foundations, retaining walls, and water retaining structures. The text includes more than sixty worked out design examples and more than six hundred diagrams, plans, and charts. It suitable for civil engineering courses and is a useful reference for practicing engineers.
[Table of Contents]
Preface xxv
About the Authors xxvii
1 Introduction 1 (10)
1.1 Reinforced concrete structures 1 (1)
1.2 Structural elements and frames 1 (1)
1.3 Structural design 2 (1)
1.4 Design standards 2 (2)
1.5 Calculations, design aids and computing 4 (1)
1.6 Detailing 4 (1)
1.7 References 5 (6)
2 Materials, Structural Failures and Durability 11 (34)
2.1 Reinforced concrete structures 11 (1)
2.2 Concrete materials 11 (7)
2.2.1 Cement 11 (4)
2.2.1.1 Types of cement 12 (1)
2.2.1.2 Strength class 13 (1)
2.2.1.3 Sulphate-resisting cement 14 (1)
2.2.1.4 Low early strength cement 14 (1)
2.2.1.5 Standard designation of cements 14 (1)
2.2.1.6 Common cements 15 (1)
2.2.2 Aggregates 15 (1)
2.2.3 Concrete mix design 16 (1)
2.2.4 Admixtures 17 (1)
2.3 Concrete properties 18 (4)
2.3.1 Stress-strain relationship in 18 (1)
compression
2.3.2 Compressive strength 19 (1)
2.3.3 Tensile strength 20 (1)
2.3.4 Modulus of elasticity 21 (1)
2.3.5 Creep 21 (1)
2.3.6 Shrinkage 22 (1)
2.4 Tests on wet concrete 22 (1)
2.4.1 Workability 22 (1)
2.4.2 Measurement of workability 23 (1)
2.5 Tests on hardened concrete 23 (2)
2.5.1 Normal tests 23 (1)
2.5.2 Non-destructive tests 24 (1)
2.5.3 Chemical tests 25 (1)
2.6 Reinforcement 25 (2)
2.7 Exposure classes related to environmental 27 (4)
conditions
2.8 Failures in concrete structures 31 (7)
2.8.1 Factors affecting failure 31 (14)
2.8.1.1 Incorrect selection of materials 31 (1)
2.8.1.2 Errors in design calculations and 32 (1)
detailing
2.8.1.3 Poor construction methods 33 (2)
2.8.1.4 External physical and/or 35 (3)
mechanical factors
2.9 Durability of concrete structures 38 (1)
2.10 Fire protection 38 (4)
2.11 References 42 (3)
3 Limit State Design and Structural Analysis 45 (14)
3.1 Structural design and limit states 45 (2)
3.1.1 Aims and methods of design 45 (1)
3.1.2 Criteria for safe design: Limit states 46 (1)
3.1.3 Ultimate limit state 46 (1)
3.1.4 Serviceability limit states 47 (1)
3.2 Actions, characteristic and design values 47 (10)
of actions
3.2.1 Load combinations 49 (1)
3.2.2 Load combination EQU 49 (1)
3.2.3 Load combination STR 50 (1)
3.2.4 Examples 51 (5)
3.2.4.1 Checking for EQU (stability) 51 (3)
3.2.4.2 Load calculation for STR (design) 54 (2)
3.2.5 Partial factors for serviceability 56 (1)
limit states
3.3 Partial factors for materials 57 (1)
3.4 Structural analysis 57 (1)
3.4.1 General provisions 57 (1)
3.5 Reference 58 (1)
4 Section Design for Moment 59 (32)
4.1 Types of beam section 59 (1)
4.2 Reinforcement and bar spacing 59 (3)
4.2.1 Reinforcement data 60 (1)
4.2.2 Minimum and maximum areas of 61 (1)
reinforcement in beams
4.2.3 Minimum spacing of bars 62 (1)
4.3 Behaviour of beams in bending 62 (2)
4.4 Singly reinforced rectangular beams 64 (11)
4.4.1 Assumptions and stress-strain diagrams 64 (2)
4.4.2 Moment of resistance: Rectangular 66 (3)
stress block
4.4.2.1 U.K. National Annex formula 69 (1)
4.4.3 Procedure for the design of singly 69 (1)
reinforced rectangular beam
4.4.4 Examples of design of singly 70 (3)
reinforced rectangular sections
4.4.5 Design graph 73 (2)
4.5 Doubly reinforced beams 75 (3)
4.5.1 Design formulae using the rectangular 75 (2)
stress block
4.5.2 Examples of rectangular doubly 77 (1)
reinforced concrete beams
4.6 Flanged beams 78 (7)
4.6.1 General considerations 78 (3)
4.6.2 Stress block within the flange 81 (1)
4.6.3 Stress block extends into the web 81 (1)
4.6.4 Steps in reinforcement calculation 82 (1)
for a T-beam or an L-beam
4.6.5 Examples of design of flanged beams 82 (3)
4.7 Checking existing sections 85 (5)
4.7.1 Examples of checking for moment 85 (2)
capacity
4.7.2 Strain compatibility method 87 (4)
4.7.2.1 Example of strain compatibility 88 (2)
method
4.8 Reference 90 (1)
5 Shear, Bond and Torsion 91 (72)
5.1 Shear forces 91 (37)
5.1.1 Shear in a homogeneous beam 91 (1)
5.1.2 Shear in a reinforced concrete beam 92 (2)
without shear reinforcement
5.1.3 Shear reinforcement in the form of 94 (2)
links
5.1.4 Derivation of Eurocode 2 shear design 96 (4)
equations
5.1.4.1 Additional tension force due to 99 (1)
shear in cracked concrete
5.1.5 Minimum shear reinforcement 100 (1)
5.1.6 Designing shear reinforcement 101 (2)
5.1.7 Bent-up bars as shear reinforcement 103 (4)
5.1.7.1 Example of design of bent-up bars 105 (2)
and link reinforcement in beams
5.1.8 Loads applied close to a support 107 (3)
5.1.8.1 Example 108 (2)
5.1.9 Beams with sloping webs 110 (1)
5.1.10 Example of complete design of shear 111 (5)
reinforcement for beams
5.1.11 Shear design of slabs 116 (1)
5.1.12 Shear due to concentrated loads on 116 (2)
slabs
5.1.13 Procedure for designing shear 118 (4)
reinforcement against punching shear
5.1.13.1 Example of punching shear 119 (3)
design: Zero moment case
5.1.14 Shear reinforcement design: Shear 122 (8)
and moment combined
5.1.14.1 Support reaction eccentric with 123 (1)
regard to control perimeter for
rectangular columns
5.1.14.2 Support reaction eccentric with 124 (1)
regard to control perimeter for circular
columns
5.1.14.3 Support reaction eccentric with 124 (1)
regard to control perimeter about two
axes for rectangular columns
5.1.14.4 Rectangular edge columns 125 (2)
5.1.14.5 Support reaction eccentric 127 (1)
toward the interior for rectangular
corner column
5.1.14.6 Approximate values of β for 128 (1)
columns of a flat slab
5.2 Bond stress 128 (2)
5.3 Anchorage of bars 130 (19)
5.3.1 Design anchorage length 132 (2)
5.3.2 Example of calculation of anchorage 134 (1)
length
5.3.3 Curtailment and anchorage of bars 135 (1)
5.3.4 Example of moment envelope 136 (7)
5.3.4.1 Anchorage of curtailed bars and 141 (1)
anchorage at supports
5.3.4.2 Anchorage of bottom reinforcement 142 (1)
at an end support
5.3.5 Laps 143 (4)
5.3.5.1 Transverse reinforcement in the 145 (1)
lap zone
5.3.5.2 Example of transverse 146 (1)
reinforcement in the lap zone
5.3.6 Bearing stresses inside bends 147 (2)
5.4 Torsion 149 (11)
5.4.1 Occurrence and analysis of torsion 149 (1)
5.4.2 Torsional shear stress in a concrete 150 (4)
section
5.4.2.1 Example 152 (2)
5.4.3 Design for torsion 154 (2)
5.4.3.1 Example of reinforcement design 156 (1)
for torsion
5.4.4 Combined shear and torsion 156 (4)
5.4.4.1 Example of design of torsion 157 (3)
steel for a rectangular beam
5.5 Shear between web and flange of T-sections 160 (3)
5.5.1 Example 160 (3)
6 Serviceability Limit State Checks 163 (10)
6.1 Serviceability limit state 163 (1)
6.2 Deflection 163 (5)
6.2.1 Deflection limits and checks 163 (1)
6.2.2 Span-to-effective depth ratio 163 (5)
6.2.2.1 Examples of deflection check for 165 (3)
beams
6.3 Cracking 168 (5)
6.3.1 Cracking limits and controls 168 (1)
6.3.2 Bar spacing controls in beams 168 (1)
6.3.3 Minimum steel areas 169 (3)
6.3.3.1 Example of minimum steel areas 170 (2)
6.3.4 Bar spacing controls in slabs 172 (1)
6.3.5 Surface reinforcement 172 (1)
7 Simply Supported Beams 173 (14)
7.1 Simply supported beams 173 (12)
7.1.1 Steps in beam design 174 (2)
7.1.2 Example of design of a simply 176 (5)
supported L-beam in a footbridge
7.1.3 Example of design of simply supported 181 (4)
doubly reinforced rectangular beam
7.2 References 185 (2)
8 Reinforced Concrete Slabs 187 (158)
8.1 Design methods for slabs 187 (4)
8.2 Types of slabs 191 (1)
8.3 One-way spanning solid slabs 192 (9)
8.3.1 Idealization for design 192 (1)
8.3.2 Effective span, loading and analysis 193 (4)
8.3.3 Section design, slab reinforcement 197 (4)
curtailment and cover
8.4 Example of design of continuous one-way 201 (9)
slab
8.5 One-way spanning ribbed or waffle slabs 210 (11)
8.5.1 Design considerations 210 (1)
8.5.2 Ribbed slab proportions 210 (1)
8.5.3 Design procedure and reinforcement 211 (1)
8.5.4 Deflection 212 (1)
8.5.5 Example of one-way ribbed slab 212 (9)
8.6 Two-way spanning solid slabs 221 (7)
8.6.1 Slab action, analysis and design 221 (1)
8.6.2 Rectangular slabs simply supported on 221 (2)
all four edges: Corners free to lift
8.6.3 Example of a simply supported two-way 223 (5)
slab: Corners free to lift
8.7 Restrained solid slabs 228 (14)
8.7.1 Design and arrangement of 230 (4)
reinforcement
8.7.2 Shear forces and shear resistance 234 (1)
8.7.3 Deflection 234 (1)
8.7.4 Cracking 235 (1)
8.7.5 Example of design of two-way 236 (4)
restrained solid slab
8.7.6 Finite element analysis 240 (2)
8.8 Waffle slabs 242 (4)
8.8.1 Design procedure 242 (1)
8.8.2 Example of design of a waffle slab 242 (4)
8.9 Flat slabs 246 (15)
8.9.1 Definition and construction 246 (2)
8.9.2 Analysis 248 (2)
8.9.3 General Eurocode 2 provisions 250 (2)
8.9.4 Equivalent frame analysis method 252 (1)
8.9.5 Shear force and shear resistance 252 (1)
8.9.6 Deflection 253 (1)
8.9.7 Crack control 253 (1)
8.9.8 Example of design for an internal 254 (7)
panel of a flat slab floor
8.10 Yield line method 261 (60)
8.10.1 Outline of theory 261 (3)
8.10.1.1 Properties of yield lines 263 (1)
8.10.2 Johansen's stepped yield criterion 264 (1)
8.10.3 Energy dissipated in a yield line 265 (4)
8.10.4 Work done by external loads 269 (1)
8.10.5 Example of a continuous one-way slab 269 (3)
8.10.6 Simply supported rectangular two-way 272 (2)
slab
8.10.6.1 Example of yield line analysis 274 (1)
of a simply supported rectangular slab
8.10.7 Rectangular two-way clamped slab 274 (2)
8.10.7.1 Example of yield line analysis 276 (1)
of a clamped rectangular slab
8.10.8 Clamped rectangular slab with one 276 (6)
long edge free
8.10.8.1 Calculations for collapse mode 1 277 (2)
8.10.8.2 Calculations for collapse mode 2 279 (2)
8.10.8.3 Example of yield line analysis 281 (1)
of a clamped rectangular slab with one
long edge free
8.10.9 Trapezoidal slab continuous over 282 (3)
three supports and free on a long edge
8.10.10 Slab with a symmetrical hole 285 (6)
8.10.10.1 Calculations for collapse mode 1 285 (2)
8.10.10.2 Calculations for collapse mode 2 287 (2)
8.10.10.3 Calculations for collapse mode 3 289 (2)
8.10.10.4 Calculation of moment of 291 (1)
resistance
8.10.11 Slab-and-beam systems 291 (2)
8.10.12 Corner levers 293 (1)
8.10.13 Collapse mechanisms with more than 294 (1)
one independent variable
8.10.14 Circular fans 294 (2)
8.10.14.1 Collapse mechanism for a flat 295 (1)
slab floor
8.10.15 Design of a corner panel of floor 296 (6)
slab using yield line analysis
8.10.16 Derivation of moment and shear 302 (19)
coefficients for the design of restrained
slabs
8.10.16.1 Simply supported slab 302 (1)
8.10.16.2 Clamped slab 303 (2)
8.10.16.3 Slab with two discontinuous 305 (1)
short edges
8.10.16.4 Slab with two discontinuous 306 (2)
long edges
8.10.16.5 Slab with one discontinuous 308 (2)
long edge
8.10.16.6 Slab with one discontinuous 310 (3)
short edge
8.10.16.7 Slab with two adjacent 313 (3)
discontinuous edges
8.10.16.8 Slab with only a continuous 316 (3)
short edge
8.10.16.9 Slab with only a continuous 319 (2)
long edge
8.11 Hillerborg's strip method 321 (6)
8.11.1 Simply supported rectangular slab 322 (1)
8.11.2 Clamped rectangular slab with a free 323 (1)
edge
8.11.3 Slab clamped on two opposite sides, 323 (1)
one side simply supported and one edge free
8.11.4 Strong bands 324 (1)
8.11.5 Comments on the strip method 325 (2)
8.12 Design of reinforcement for slabs using 327 (6)
elastic analysis moments
8.12.1 Rules for designing bottom steel 329 (2)
8.12.1.1 Examples of design of bottom 330 (1)
steel
8.12.2 Rules for designing top steel 331 (1)
8.11.2.1 Examples of design of top steel 331 (1)
8.12.3 Examples of design of top and bottom 332 (1)
steel
8.12.4 Comments on the design method using 333 (1)
elastic analysis
8.13 Stair slabs 333 (11)
8.13.1 Building regulations 333 (1)
8.13.2 Types of stair slabs 333 (2)
8.13.3 Design requirements 335 (1)
8.13.4 Example of design of stair slab 336 (6)
8.13.5 Analysis of stair slab as a cranked 342 (2)
beam
8.14 References 344 (1)
9 Columns 345 (50)
9.1 Types, loads, classification and design 345 (6)
considerations
9.1.1 Types and loads 345 (1)
9.1.2 Braced and unbraced columns 345 (2)
9.1.3 General code provisions 347 (1)
9.1.3 Practical design provisions 348 (3)
9.2 Columns subjected to axial load and 351 (9)
bending about one axis with symmetrical
reinforcement
9.2.1 Code provisions 351 (1)
9.2.2 Section analysis: Concrete 351 (2)
9.2.3 Stresses and strains in steel 353 (1)
9.2.4 Axial force N and moment M 353 (1)
9.2.5 Construction of column design chart 354 (6)
9.2.5.1 Typical calculations for 355 (3)
rectangular stress block
9.2.5.2 Column design using design chart 358 (1)
9.2.5.3 Three layers of steel design chart 359 (1)
9.3 Columns subjected to axial load and 360 (3)
bending about one axis: Unsymmetrical
reinforcement
9.3.1 Example of a column section subjected 361 (2)
to axial load and moment: Unsymmetrical
reinforcement
9.4 Column sections subjected to axial load 363 (14)
and biaxial bending
9.4.1 Outline of the problem 363 (8)
9.4.1.1 Expressions for contribution to 364 (4)
moment and axial force by concrete
9.4.1.2 Example of design chart for axial 368 (2)
force and biaxial moments
9.4.1.3 Axial force-biaxial moment 370 (1)
interaction curve
9.4.2 Approximate method given in Eurocode 2 371 (6)
9.4.2.1 Example of design of column 373 (4)
section subjected to axial load and
biaxial bending: Eurocode 2 method
9.5 Effective length of columns 377 (13)
9.5.1 Effective length 377 (4)
9.5.2 Long and short columns 381 (1)
9.5.3 Slenderness ratio 382 (4)
9.5.3.1 Example of calculating the 383 (3)
effective length of columns
9.5.4 Primary moments and axial load on 386 (4)
columns
9.6 Design of slender columns 390 (5)
9.6.1 Additional moments due to deflection 390 (5)
10 Walls in Buildings 395 (34)
10.1 Functions, types and loads on walls 395 (1)
10.2 Design of reinforced concrete walls 395 (6)
10.2.1 Wall reinforcement 396 (1)
10.2.2 General code provisions for design 396 (5)
10.2.3 Design of stocky reinforced concrete 401 (1)
walls
10.3 Walls supporting in-plane moments and 401 (25)
axial loads
10.3.1 Wall types and design methods 401 (1)
10.3.2 Interaction chart 402 (5)
10.3.3 Example of design of a wall 407 (12)
subjected to axial load and in-plane moment
using design chart
10.3.3.1 Example of design of a wall with 415 (4)
concentrated steel in end zones or
columns subjected to axial load and
in-plane moment
10.3.4 Design of a wall subjected to axial 419 (6)
load and in-plane moment with columns at
the end
10.3.5 Design of a wall subjected to axial 425 (1)
load, out-of-plane and in-plane moments
10.4 Design of plain concrete walls 426 (1)
10.4.1 Code design provisions 426 (1)
10.5 Reference 427 (2)
11 Foundations 429 (58)
11.1 General considerations 429 (1)
11.2 Geotechnical design 429 (8)
11.2.1 Geotechnical design categories 430 (1)
11.2.2 Geotechnical design approaches 430 (1)
11.2.3 Load factors for Design 1 approach 431 (7)
11.2.3.1 Example of calculation of 432 (2)
bearing capacity by Design 1 approach
11.2.3.2 Example of calculation of 434 (1)
bearing capacity by Design 2 approach
11.2.3.3 Example of calculation of 435 (1)
bearing capacity by Design 3 approach
11.2.3.4 Comments on the calculation of 436 (1)
bearing capacity by three design
approaches
11.3 Spread foundations 437 (1)
11.4 Isolated pad bases 438 (8)
11.4.1 General comments 438 (1)
11.4.2 Axially loaded pad bases 438 (8)
11.4.2.1 Example of design of an axially 443 (3)
loaded base
11.5 Eccentrically loaded pad bases 446 (15)
11.5.1 Vertical soil pressure at base 446 (2)
11.5.2 Resistance to horizontal loads 448 (2)
11.5.3 Structural design 450 (11)
11.5.3.1 Example of design of an 450 (8)
eccentrically loaded base
11.5.3.2 Example of design of a footing 458 (3)
for a pinned base steel portal
11.6 Wall, strip and combined foundations 461 (17)
11.6.1 Wall footings 461 (1)
11.6.2 Shear wall footings 462 (1)
11.6.3 Strip footings 462 (1)
11.6.4 Combined bases 463 (15)
11.6.4.1 Example of design of a combined 464 (14)
base
11.7 Piled foundations 478 (7)
11.7.1 General considerations 478 (2)
11.7.2 Loads in pile groups 480 (5)
11.7.2.1 Example of loads in pile group 483 (2)
11.7.3 Design of pile caps 485 (1)
11.8 References 485 (2)
12 Retaining Walls 487 (44)
12.1 Wall types and earth pressure 487 (5)
12.1.1 Types of retaining walls 487 (1)
12.1.2 Earth pressure on retaining walls 488 (4)
12.2 Design of cantilever walls 492 (13)
12.2.1 Initial sizing of the wall 492 (1)
12.2.2 Design procedure for a cantilever 493 (1)
retaining wall
12.2.3 Example of design of a cantilever 494 (11)
retaining wall
12.3 Counterfort retaining walls 505 (25)
12.3.1 Stability check and design procedure 505 (3)
12.3.2 Example of design of a counterfort 508 (2)
retaining wall
12.3.3 Design of wall slab using yield line 510 (7)
method
12.3.4 Design of base slab using yield line 517 (5)
method
12.3.5 Base slab design using Hillerborg's 522 (5)
strip method
12.3.5.1 'Horizontal' strips in base slab 523 (2)
12.3.5.2 Cantilever moment in base slab 525 (2)
12.3.6 Wall slab design using Hillerborg's 527 (1)
strip method
12.3.6.1 Cantilever moment in vertical 528 (1)
wall slab
12.3.7 Counterfort design using 528 (2)
Hillerborg's strip method
12.4 Reference 530 (1)
13 Design of Statically Indeterminate Structures 531 (58)
13.1 Introduction 531 (2)
13.2 Design of a propped cantilever 533 (3)
13.3 Design of a clamped beam 536 (1)
13.4 Why use anything other than elastic 537 (1)
values in design?
13.5 Design using redistributed elastic 538 (1)
moments in Eurocode 2
13.6 Design using plastic analysis in 539 (1)
Eurocode 2
13.7 Serviceability considerations when using 539 (1)
redistributed elastic moments
13.8 Continuous beams 540 (6)
13.8.1 Continuous beams in cast-in-situ 540 (1)
concrete floors
13.8.2 Loading on continuous beams 541 (5)
13.8.2.1 Arrangement of loads to give 541 (1)
maximum moments
13.8.2.2 Eurocode 2 arrangement of loads 542 (1)
to give maximum moments
13.8.2.3 The U.K. National Annex 542 (1)
arrangement of loads to give maximum
moments
13.8.2.4 Example of critical loading 542 (1)
arrangements
13.8.2.5 Loading from one-way slabs 542 (1)
13.8.2.6 Loading from two-way slabs 543 (3)
13.8.2.7 Analysis for shear and moment 546 (1)
envelopes
13.9 Example of elastic analysis of 546 (43)
continuous beam
13.10 Example of moment redistribution for 551 (6)
continuous beam
13.11 Curtailment of bars 557 (1)
13.12 Example of design for the end span of 557 (7)
a continuous beam
13.13 Example of design of a non-sway frame 564 (18)
13.14 Approximate methods of analysis 582 (8)
13.14.1 Analysis for gravity loads 582 (1)
13.14.2 Analysis of a continuous beam for 583 (2)
gravity loads
13.14.3 Analysis of a rectangular portal 585 (1)
frame for gravity loads
13.14.4 Analysis for wind loads by portal 585 (4)
method
14 Reinforced Concrete Framed Buildings 589 (52)
14.1 Types and structural action 589 (1)
14.2 Building loads 590 (15)
14.2.1 Dead load 590 (1)
14.2.2 Imposed load 591 (1)
14.2.3 Wind loads 591 (3)
14.2.3.1 Wind load calculated using U.K. 592 (1)
National Annex
14.2.3.2 Wind load calculated using the 592 (2)
Eurocode
14.2.4 Use of influence lines to determine 594 (2)
positioning of gravity loads to cause
maximum design moments
14.2.5 Use of sub-frames to determine 596 (3)
moments in members
14.2.6 Load combinations 599 (6)
14.2.6.1 Example of load combinations 601 (4)
14.3 Robustness and design of ties 605 (2)
14.3.1 Types of ties 605 (1)
14.3.2 Design of ties 605 (1)
14.3.3 Internal ties 605 (1)
14.3.4 Peripheral ties 606 (1)
14.3.5 Horizontal ties to columns and walls 606 (1)
14.3.6 Vertical ties 607 (1)
14.4 Frame analysis 607 (11)
14.4.1 Methods of analysis 607 (1)
14.4.2 Example of simplified analysis of 608 (7)
concrete framed building under vertical load
14.4.3 Example of simplified analysis of 615 (3)
concrete framed building for wind load by
portal frame method
14.5 Building design example 618 (22)
14.5.1 Example of design of multi-storey 618 (22)
reinforced concrete framed buildings
14.6 References 640 (1)
15 Tall Buildings 641 (16)
15.1 Introduction 641 (1)
15.2 Assumptions for analysis 641 (1)
15.3 Planar lateral load resisting elements 642 (4)
15.3.1 Rigid-jointed frames 642 (1)
15.3.2 Braced frames 642 (1)
15.3.3 Shear walls 642 (1)
15.3.4 Coupled shear walls 643 (1)
15.3.5 Wall-frame structures 644 (1)
15.3.6 Framed tube structures 645 (1)
15.3.7 Tube-in-tube structures 645 (1)
15.3.8 Outrigger-braced structures 646 (1)
15.4 Interaction between bents 646 (2)
15.5 Three-dimensional structures 648 (3)
15.5.1 Classification of structures for 648 (10)
computer modelling
15.5.1.1 Category I: Symmetric floor plan 648 (1)
with identical parallel bents subject to
a symmetrically applied lateral load q
15.5.1.2 Category II: Symmetric 649 (2)
structural floor plan with non-identical
bents subject to a symmetric horizontal
load q
15.5.1.3 Category III: Non-symmetric 651 (1)
structural floor plan with identical or
non-identical bents subject to a lateral
load q
15.6 Analysis of framed tube structures 651 (1)
15.7 Analysis of tube-in-tube structures 652 (4)
15.8 References 656 (1)
16 Prestressed Concrete 657 (64)
16.1 Introduction 657 (1)
16.2 Applying prestress 658 (6)
16.2.1 Pretensioning 658 (4)
16.2.1.1 Debonding 660 (1)
16.2.1.2 Transmission length 661 (1)
16.2.2 Posttensioning 662 (1)
16.2.3 External prestressing 663 (1)
16.2.4 Unbonded construction 663 (1)
16.2.5 Statically indeterminate structures 664 (1)
16.2.6 End block 664 (1)
16.3 Materials 664 (2)
16.3.1 Concrete 664 (1)
16.3.2 Steel 665 (1)
16.3.2.1 Relaxation of steel666 (1)
16.4 Design of prestressed concrete structures 666 (1)
16.5 Limits on permissible stresses in 666 (1)
concrete
16.5.1 Permissible compressive and tensile 667 (1)
stress in concrete at transfer
16.5.2 Permissible compressive and tensile 667 (1)
stress in concrete at serviceability limit
state
16.6 Limits on permissible stresses in steel 667 (1)
16.6.1 Maximum stress at jacking and at 667 (1)
transfer
16.7 Equations for stress calculation 668 (3)
16.7.1 Transfer state 668 (1)
16.7.2 Serviceability limit state 668 (1)
16.7.3 Example of stress calculation 669 (2)
16.8 Design for serviceability limit state 671 (9)
16.8.1 Initial sizing of section 671 (4)
16.8.1.1 Example of initial sizing 672 (3)
16.8.2 Choice of prestress and eccentricity 675 (5)
16.8.2.1 Example of construction of 675 (1)
Magnel diagram
16.8.2.2 Example of choice of prestress 676 (3)
and eccentricity
16.8.2.3 Example of debonding 679 (1)
16.9 Composite beams 680 (6)
16.9.1 Magnel equations for a composite beam 683 (3)
16.10 Posttensioned beams: Cable zone 686 (2)
16.10.1 Example of a posttensioned beam 686 (2)
16.11 Ultimate moment capacity 688 (6)
16.11.1 Example of ultimate moment capacity 688 (6)
calculation
16.12 Shear capacity of a section without 694 (7)
shear reinforcement and uncracked in flexure
16.12.1 Example of calculating ultimate 696 (1)
shear capacity VRd, c
16.12.2 Example of calculating ultimate 697 (4)
shear capacity VRd ,c for a composite beam
16.13 Shear capacity of sections without 701 (1)
shear reinforcement and cracked in flexure
16.13.1 Example of calculating ultimate 701 (1)
shear capacity VRd
16.14 Shear capacity with shear reinforcement 702 (7)
16.14.1 Example of calculating shear 702 (2)
capacity with shear reinforcement
16.14.2 Example of design for shear for a 704 (2)
bridge beam
16.14.3 Example of design for shear for a 706 (3)
composite beam
16.15 Horizontal shear 709 (3)
16.15.1 Example of checking for resistance 711 (1)
for horizontal shear stress
16.16 Loss of prestress in pretensioned beams 712 (3)
16.16.1 Immediate loss of prestress at 712 (1)
transfer
16.16.1.1 Example of calculation of loss 713 (1)
at transfer
16.16.2 Long term loss of prestress 713 (2)
16.17 Loss of prestress in posttensioned beams 715 (2)
16.18 Design of end block in posttensioned 717 (1)
beams
16.19 References 718 (3)
17 Deflection and Cracking 721 (20)
17.1 Deflection calculation 721 (11)
17.1.1 Loads on structure 721 (1)
17.1.2 Analysis of structure 721 (1)
17.1.3 Method for calculating deflection 722 (1)
17.1.4 Calculation of curvatures 722 (1)
17.1.5 Cracked section analysis 722 (2)
17.1.6 Uncracked section analysis 724 (1)
17.1.7 Long-term loads: Creep 725 (3)
17.1.7.1 Calculation of φ(infinity, 726 (1)
to)
17.1.7.2 Example of calculation of 727 (1)
φ(infinity, to)
17.1.8 Shrinkage 728 (2)
17.1.8.1 Calculation of final shrinkage 728 (1)
strain epsiloncd, infinity
17.1.8.2 Calculation of final autogenous 729 (1)
shrinkage strain epsilonca, infinity
17.1.8.3 Calculation of final total 729 (1)
shrinkage strain epsiloncs, infinity
17.1.8.4 Curvature due to shrinkage 729 (1)
17.1.9 Curvature due to external loading 730 (2)
17.1.9.1 Evaluation of constant K 731 (1)
17.2 Checking deflection by calculation 732 (4)
17.2.1 Example of deflection calculation 732 (4)
for T-beam
17.3 Calculation of crack widths 736 (2)
17.3.1 Cracking in reinforced concrete beams 736 (2)
17.4 Example of crack width calculation for 738 (2)
T-beam
17.5 References 740 (1)
18 A General Method of Design at Ultimate Limit 741 (36)
State
18.1 Introduction 741 (1)
18.2 Limit theorems of the theory of 741 (1)
plasticity
18.3 Reinforced concrete and limit theorems 742 (1)
of the theory of plasticity
18.4 Design of reinforcement for in-plane 743 (10)
stresses
18.4.1 Examples of reinforcement 747 (1)
calculations
18.4.2 An example of application of design 748 (3)
equations
18.4.3 Presence of prestressing strands 751 (2)
18.5 Reinforcement design for flexural forces 753 (1)
18.6 Reinforcement design for combined 754 (2)
in-plane and flexural forces
18.6.1 Example of design for combined 755 (1)
in-plane and flexural forces
18.7 Out-of-plane shear 756 (1)
18.8 Strut-tie method of design 757 (18)
18.8.1 B and D regions 757 (3)
18.8.1.1 Saint Venant's principle 760 (1)
18.8.2 Design of struts 760 (2)
18.8.3 Types of nodes and nodal zones 762 (2)
18.8.4 Elastic analysis and correct 764 (3)
strut-tie model
18.8.5 Example of design of a deep beam 767 (4)
using strut-tie model
18.8.6 Example of design of a half joint 771 (4)
using strut-tie model
18.9 References 775 (2)
19 Design of Structures Retaining Aqueous 777 (50)
Liquids
19.1 Introduction 777 (2)
19.1.1 Load factors 777 (1)
19.1.2 Crack width 778 (1)
19.2.2.1 Crack width control without 778 (1)
direct calculation
19.2 Bending analysis for serviceability 779 (4)
limit state
19.2.1 Example of stress calculation at SLS 779 (2)
19.2.2 Crack width calculation in a section 781 (2)
subjected to flexure only
19.3 Walls subjected to two-way bending 783 (4)
moments and tensile force
19.3.1 Analysis of a section subjected to 783 (2)
bending moment and direct tensile force for
serviceability limit state
19.3.1.1 Example of calculation of 784 (1)
stresses under bending moment and axial
tension
19.3.2 Crack width calculation in a section 785 (2)
subjected to direct tension
19.3.3 Control of cracking without direct 787 (1)
calculation
19.4 Control of restrained shrinkage and 787 (10)
thermal movement cracking
19.4.1 Design options for control of 788 (1)
thermal contraction and restrained shrinkage
19.4.2 Reinforcement calculation to control 789 (1)
early-age cracking and thermal contraction
and restrained shrinkage
19.4.3 Reinforcement calculation to control 789 (1)
early-age cracking for a member restrained
at one end
19.4.4 Example of reinforcement calculation 790 (3)
to control early-age cracking in a slab
restrained at one end
19.4.5 Reinforcement calculation to control 793 (2)
early-age cracking in a wall restrained at
one edge
19.4.6 Example of reinforcement calculation 795 (2)
to control early-age cracking in a wall
restrained at one edge
19.5 Design of a rectangular covered top 797 (19)
underground water tank
19.5.1 Check uplift 797 (1)
19.5.2 Pressure calculation on the 798 (1)
longitudinal wall
19.5.3 Check shear capacity 799 (1)
19.5.4 Minimum steel area 800 (1)
19.5.5 Design of walls for bending at 801 (7)
ultimate limit state
19.5.5.1 Design of transverse/side walls 801 (2)
19.5.5.2 Crack width calculation in 803 (2)
transverse walls
19.5.5.3 Design of longitudinal walls 805 (1)
19.5.5.4 Crack width calculation in 806 (2)
longitudinal walls
19.5.5.5 Detailing at corners 808 (1)
19.5.6 Design of base slab at ultimate 808 (8)
limit state
19.6 Design of circular water tanks 816 (9)
19.6.1 Example of design of a circular 818 (7)
water tank
19.7 References 825 (2)
20 U.K. National Annex 827 (6)
20.1 Introduction 827 (1)
20.2 Bending design 827 (1)
20.2.1 Neutral axis depth limitations for 827 (1)
design using redistributed moments
20.3 Cover to reinforcement 828 (1)
20.4 Shear design 828 (1)
20.4.1 Punching shear 828 (1)
20.5 Loading arrangement on continuous beams 828 (1)
and slabs
20.6 Column design 829 (1)
20.7 Ties 830 (1)
20.8 Plain concrete 831 (1)
20.9 ψ Factors 831 (2)
Additional References 833 (2)
Index 835
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