Functional Polymers for Nanomedicine (Scc Polymer Chemistry) （1ST）

[Book Description]

Interest in the application of nanotechnology to medicine has surged in recent years and could transform the way we diagnose, treat and prevent diseases such as cancer. However, the clinical success of nanomedicine is limited because of problems with toxicity and therapeutic efficacy. To overcome this it is essential to produce new nanosystems with specific functions, which can be achieved by designing new polymers with particular properties that can be used for nanomedicine. Functional Polymers for Nanomedicine provides a complete overview of the different strategies for designing polymers for nanomedicine applications. The first part of the book looks at the current problems and direction in nanomedicine including a review of current design and targeting of nanocarriers. The second part explores the design of polymers with different functions including hyperbranched polymers, polymersomes, polysaccharides, polymeric micelles and zwitterionic polymers and their applications in gene therapy and drug delivery.This timely book is edited by a leading scientist in nanomedicine and provides a suitable introduction and reference source for advanced undergraduates, postgraduates and academic and industrial researchers in polymer science, nanotechnology and pharmacy interested in materials for medical applications.

[Table of Contents]

Chapter 1 Targeted Drug Delivery in            1  (19)
    Oncology: Current Paradigm and Challenges
          Darren Lars Stirland
          You Han Bae
      1.1 Targeted Drug Delivery                   2  (1)
        1.1.1 Origins of Targeted Drug Delivery    2  (1)
        1.1.2 Progress in Targeted Drug Delivery   3  (1)
      1.2 Current Paradigm                         3  (2)
      1.3 Challenges to Current Paradigm           5  (9)
        1.3.1 Challenges Present in the Carrier    6  (3)
        1.3.2 Challenges Present in the Target     9  (5)
      1.4 Revolution                               14 (6)
        References                                 15 (5)
Chapter 2 Targeted Nanomedicines: 20 (12)
    Challenges and Opportunities
          Xinpeng Ma
          Gang Huang
          Yiguang Wang
          Jinming Gao
      2.1 Introduction                             20 (1)
      2.2 Passive Targeting by Stealth             21 (2)
      Nanomedicines
        2.2.1 Nanomedicine Clearance by the        22 (1)
        Reticuloendothelial System
        2.2.2 Tumor Penetration by Nanomedicines   22 (1)
      2.3 Active Targeting by                      23 (4)
      Surface-Functionalized Nanomedicines
        2.3.1 Cancer Specificity of Active         24 (2)
        Targeting Nanomedicines
        2.3.2 Increased Clearance of Active        26 (1)
        Targeting Nanomedicines
        2.3.3 Tumor Accumulation: Passive vs.      26 (1)
        Active Targeting Nanomedicines
      2.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives       27 (5)
        Acknowledgements                           28 (1)
        References                                 28 (4)
    Chapter 3 Rational Design of Translational     32 (31)
    Nanocarriers
          Qihang Sun
          Maciej Radosz
          Youqing Shen
      3.1 The Three Key Elements for               32 (3)
      Translational Nanomedicine
      3.2 The 2R2S Capability of Nanocarriers      35 (16)
        3.2.1 2R: Drug Retention in Circulation    35 (9)
        versus Intracellular Release
        3.2.2 2S: Stealthy in Circulation and      44 (7)
        Tumor Penetration versus Sticky to
        Tumor Cells
      3.3 The Material Excipientability and        51 (1)
      Production Process Scale-Up Ability
      3.4 Challenges of Rational Design for        52 (1)
      Translational Nanomedicine
      3.5 Conclusion                               53 (10)
        References                                 53 (10)
    Chapter 4 Functional Polymers for Gene         63 (58)
    Delivery
          Xuan Zeng
          Ren-Xi Zhuo
          Xian-Zheng Zhang
      4.1 Introduction                             63 (2)
      4.2 Polyethylenimine-Based Gene Vectors      65 (12)
        4.2.1 Low-Toxicity Polyethylenimine        66 (7)
        4.2.2 Cell-Targeted Polyethylenimine       73 (3)
        4.2.3 Other Polyethylenimine Derivatives   76 (1)
      4.3 Chitosan-Based Gene Vectors              77 (4)
        4.3.1 PEI-Modified Chitosans               78 (1)
        4.3.2 Cell-Targeted Chitosans              79 (1)
        4.3.3 Other Chitosan Derivatives           79 (2)
      4.4 Dendrimer-Based Gene Vectors             81 (6)
        4.4.1 Polyamidoamine Dendrimers            82 (3)
        4.4.2 Polypropylenimine Dendrimers         85 (1)
        4.4.3 Poly(L-lysine) Dendrimers            86 (1)
      4.5 Polypeptide Gene Vectors                 87 (5)
        4.5.1 Normal Peptide-Based Vectors         87 (2)
        4.5.2 Cell-Penetrating Peptides            89 (2)
        4.5.3 Nuclear Localization Signal          91 (1)
        4.5.4 Asp-Based Peptides                   92 (1)
      4.6 Other Gene Vectors                       92 (14)
        4.6.1 Lipid-Based Vectors                  92 (2)
        4.6.2 Polyallylamine                       94 (1)
        4.6.3 Linear Poly(amidoamine)s             95 (1)
        4.6.4 Multi-layer Complexes                96 (2)
        4.6.5 Polycarbonates                       98 (1)
        4.6.6 Nanoparticles                        99 (2)
        4.6.7 Other Types                          101(5)
      4.7 Future Trends                            106(6)
        4.7.1 Stem Cell Transfection               108(2)
        4.7.2 Combinatorial Vectors                110(1)
        4.7.3 Virus Mimic Vectors                  111(1)
        4.7.4 Therapeutic Genes                    112(1)
      4.8 Conclusion                               112(9)
        Acknowledgements                           112(1)
        References                                 112(9)
    Chapter 5 Functional Hyperbranched Polymers    121(23)
    for Drug and Gene Delivery
          Yue Jin
          Xinyuan Zhu
      5.1 Introduction                             121(1)
      5.2 Preparation of Functional HBPs           122(4)
        5.2.1 Preparation of HBPs                  122(1)
        5.2.2 Functionalization of HBPs            123(3)
      5.3 Functionality of Delivery                126(11)
        5.3.1 Responsiveness                       126(4)
        5.3.2 Targeting                            130(5)
        5.3.3 Imaging                              135(1)
        5.3.4 Biodegradability and                 136(1)
        Biocompatibility
        5.3.5 Multifunctionality                   136(1)
      5.4 Applications in Drug and Gene Delivery   137(2)
        5.4.1 Application as Drug Carriers         137(2)
        5.4.2 Application as Gene Vectors          139(1)
      5.5 Summary                                  139(5)
        Acknowledgements                           140(1)
        References                                 140(4)
    Chapter 6 Functional Polymersomes for          144(14)
    Controlled Drug Delivery
          Fenghua Meng
          Ru Cheng
          Chao Deng
          Zhiyuan Zhong
      6.1 Introduction                             144(3)
      6.2 Stimuli-Responsive Polymersomes          147(3)
      6.3 Chimaeric Polymersomes                   150(1)
      6.4 Biomimetic Polymersomes                  151(2)
      6.5 Tumor-Targeting Polymersomes             153(1)
      6.6 Conclusion and Perspectives              154(4)
        Acknowledgements                           154(1)
        References                                 154(4)
    Chapter 7 Polymeric Micelle-Based              158(32)
    Nanomedicine for siRNA Delivery
          Xi-Qiu Liu
          Xian-Zhu Yang
          Jun Wang
      7.1 Introduction                             158(2)
      7.2 Barriers to the Efficacy of siRNA        160(3)
      Therapeutics
      7.3 Polymeric Micelles for siRNA Delivery    163(15)
        7.3.1 Polymeric Micelles Based on          164(5)
        Amphiphilic Polymers for siRNA Delivery
        7.3.2 Smart Responsive Micelles for        169(9)
        siRNA Delivery
      7.4 Co-delivery of siRNA and Drugs Based     178(3)
      on Polymeric Micelles
      7.5 Future Perspectives                      181(2)
      7.6 Conclusion                               183(7)
        References                                 184(6)
    Chapter 8 Polysaccharide/Polynucleotide        190(17)
    Complexes for Cell-Specific DNA Delivery
          Shinichi Mochizuki
          Kazuo Sakurai
      8.1 Introduction                             190(2)
      8.2 Characterization of the SPG/DNA          192(4)
      Complex
        8.2.1 Preparation of the SPG/DNA Complex   192(1)
        8.2.2 Solution Properties and              192(2)
        Characterization
        8.2.3 Thermal Stability of the Complexes   194(2)
      8.3 Application of the Complex to ODN        196(7)
      Delivery
        8.3.1 Uptake of the Complex by             196(1)
        Macrophages
        8.3.2 IL-12 Secretion Due to               196(3)
        Administration of Cpg-ODN/SPG Complexes
        8.3.3 LPS-Induced TNF-α              199(1)
        Suppression by the AS-ODN/SPG Complex
        in vitro and in vivo
        8.3.4 A New Therapy for Inflammatory       199(4)
        Bowel Disease Using Antisense
        Macrophage-Migration Inhibitory Factor
      8.4 Conclusion                               203(4)
        References                                 204(3)
    Chapter 9 Design of Complex Micelles for       207(20)
    Drug Delivery
          Rujiang Ma
          Linqi Shi
      9.1 Introduction                             207(1)
      9.2 Core-Shell-Corona Micelles for Drug      208(8)
      Delivery
      9.3 Complex Micelles with Surface            216(5)
      Channels for Drug Delivery
      9.4 Polyion Complex Micelles for Drug        221(6)
      Delivery
        References                                 225(2)
    Chapter 10 Zwitterionic Polymers for           227(18)
    Targeted Drug Delivery
          Weifeng Lin
          Zheng Wang
          ShengFu Chen
      10.1 Introduction                            227(1)
      10.2 Principles Toward Protein-Resistant     228(5)
      Zwitterionic Polymers
      10.3 Phosphorylcholine-Based Polymers for    233(6)
      Drug Delivery
      10.4 CBMA-Based Polymers for Drug Delivery   239(2)
      10.5 Conclusion and Perspectives             241(4)
        References                                 241(4)
    Chapter 11 Polymer-Based Prodrugs for          245(16)
    Cancer Chemotherapy
          Qihang Sun
          Jinqiang Wang
          Maciej Radosz
          Youqing Shen
      11.1 Introduction                            245(1)
      11.2 Design of Polymer-Based Prodrugs        246(4)
        11.2.1 Linkers                             246(2)
        11.2.2 Modifiers                           248(1)
        11.2.3 Drawbacks of Current                249(1)
        Polymer-Based Prodrugs
      11.3 New Strategies for Polymer Prodrugs     250(5)
        11.3.1 Self-Assembling Prodrugs            250(3)
        11.3.2 Prodrug Micelles                    253(1)
        11.3.3 Drug Polymers                       254(1)
      11.4 Future Challenges                       255(6)
        References                                 257(4)
    Chapter 12 Nonviral Vector Recombinant         261(20)
    Mesenchymal Stem Cells: A Promising
    Targeted-Delivery Vehicle in Cancer Gene
    Therapy
          Yu-Lan Hu
          Ying-Hua Fu
          Yasuhiko Tabata
          Jian-Qing Gao
      12.1 Introduction                            261(3)
      12.2 Gene Recombination of MSCs              264(3)
        12.2.1 Viral Vectors                       265(1)
        12.2.2 Nonviral Vectors                    265(1)
        12.2.3 Three-Dimensional and Reverse       266(1)
        Transfection Systems
      12.3 MSCs as a Promising                     267(6)
      Targeted-Delivery Vehicle in Cancer Gene
      Therapy
        12.3.1 Rationale for Using MSCs as a       267(1)
        Vehicle for Gene Delivery
        12.3.2 Targeting of MSCs to Tumor Cells    268(3)
        12.3.3 MSCs as Tumor Target Vehicles       271(2)
        for Gene Delivery
      12.4 Future Perspectives                     273(8)
        Acknowledgements                           274(1)
        References                                 275(6)
    Chapter 13 Near-Critical Micellization for     281(20)
    Nanomedicine: Enhanced Drug Loading,
    Reduced Burst Release
          Jade Green
          Maciej Radosz
          Youqing Shen
      13.1 Introduction                            281(1)
      13.2 Early Feasibility Studies on Model      282(5)
      Systems
      13.3 Extension to PEG-b-PCL                  287(3)
      13.4 Optimizing the NCM Solvent              290(3)
      13.5 Loading PEG-b-PCL with a Cancer Drug    293(2)
      13.6 NCM: A Remedy for Burst Release?        295(4)
      13.7 Conclusion and Future Research          299(2)
      Questions
Acknowledgements                                   301(1)
References                                         301(1)
Subject Index                                      302