Book Description
Coding for MIMO Communication Systems provides a complete overview of the various emerging space-time coding techniques. These include space-time trellis codes, space-time block codes, turbo codes, and concatenated codes with iterative decoding, among others. The book focuses on the construction and performance analysis of such coding schemes over various wireless channels. Comparisons between these coding schemes in terms of performance and complexity is also considered. A unified view of coding for MIMO systems is presented.
The book also addresses information theoretical limits for multi-antenna systems over wireless channels. Furthermore, several practical space-time coding architectures such as BLAST and its variants are described. Other practical issues such as antenna selection at the transmitter and/or receiver and the effects of sub-channel correlation on the system performance are also considered.
This book is aimed at advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students, researchers and practitioners in industry, as well as individuals working for government, military, science and technology institutions who would like to learn more about coding for MIMO communication systems.

Table of Contents
bout the Authors xi
Preface xiii
List of Figures xv
List of Tables xxiii
Notation xxv
Abbreviations xxvii
Overview 1
Need for MIMO Systems 1
MIMO Communications in Wireless Standards 3
Organization of the Book 3
Other Topics in MIMO Systems 5
Fading Channels and Diversity Techniques 7
Wireless Channels 7
Path Loss, Shadowing and Small-Scale Fading 9
Fading Channel Models 10
Error/Outage Probabilities over Fading Channels 17
Outage Probability for Rayleigh Fading Channels 17
Average Error Probabilities over Rayleigh Fading Channels 18
Extensions to Other Fading Channels 19
Performance over Frequency Selective Fading Channels 19
Diversity Techniques 20
Types of Diversity 21
System Model for Lth Order Diversity 22
Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC) 23
Suboptimal Combining Algorithms 26
Selection Combining 27
Examples 28
Channel Coding as a Meansof Time Diversity 28
Block Coding over a Fully Interleaved Channel 30
Convolutional Coding 34
Multiple Antennas in Wireless Communications 35
Receive Diversity 35
Smart Antennas and Beamforming 35
Space-Time Coding - Basic Ideas 37
Chapter Summary and Further Reading 38
Problems 39
Capacity and Information Rates of MIMO Channels 43
Capacity and Information Rates of Noisy Channels 43
Capacity and Information Rates of AWGN and Fading Channels 45
AWGN Channels 45
Fading Channels 46
Capacity of MIMO Channels 50
Deterministic MIMO Channels 51
Ergodic MIMO Channels 56
Non-Ergodic MIMO Channels and Outage Capacity 60
Transmit CSI for MIMO Fading Channels 62
Constrained Signaling for MIMO Communications 64
Discussion: Why Use MIMO Systems? 65
Chapter Summary and Further Reading 67
Problems 68
Space-Time Block Codes 71
Transmit Diversity with Two Antennas: The Alamouti Scheme 71
Transmission Scheme 72
Optimal Receiver for the Alamouti Scheme 72
Performance Analysis of the Alamouti Scheme 76
Examples 77
Orthogonal Space-Time Block Codes 79
Linear Orthogonal Designs 80
Decoding of Linear Orthogonal Designs 82
Performance Analysis of Space-Time Block Codes 84
Examples 86
Quasi-Orthogonal Space-Time Block Codes 87
Linear Dispersion Codes 88
Chapter Summary and Further Reading 90
Problems 90
Space-Time Trellis Codes 93
A Simple Space-Time Trellis Code 93
General Space-Time Trellis Codes 94
Notation and Preliminaries 95
Decoding of Space-Time Trellis Codes 96
Basic Space-Time Code Design Principles 97
Pairwise Error Probability 97
Space-Time Code Design Principles 99
Examples of Good Space-Time Codes 101
Space-Time Trellis Codes for Fast Fading Channels 104
Representation of Space-Time Trellis Codes for PSK Constellations 107
Generator Matrix Representation 107
Improved Space-Time Code Design 108
Performance Analysis for Space-Time Trellis Codes 109
Union Bound for Space-Time Trellis Codes 110
Useful Performance Bounds for Space-Time Trellis Codes 113
Examples 118
Comparison of Space-Time Block and Trellis Codes 120
Chapter Summary and Further Reading 121
Problems 122
Layered Space-Time Codes 123
Basic Bell Laboratories Layered Space-Time (BLAST) Architectures 124
VBLAST/HBLAST/SCBLAST 124
Detection Algorithms for Basic BLAST Architectures 125
Examples 131
Diagonal BLAST (DBLAST) 135
Detection Algorithms for DBLAST 136
Examples 140
Multilayered Space-Time Codes 142
Encoder Structure 142
Group Interference Cancellation Detection 143
Example 145
Threaded Space-Time Codes 146
Layering Approach 147
Threaded Space-Time Code Design 148
Example 150
Detection of Threaded Space-Time Codes 151
Other Detection Algorithms for Spatial Multiplexing Systems 151
Greedy Detection 152
Belief Propagation Detection 152
Turbo-BLAST Detection 153
Reduced Complexity ZF/MMSE Detection 153
Sphere Decoding 153
Diversity/Multiplexing Gain Trade-off 154
Chapter Summary and Further Reading 158
Problems 158
Concatenated Codes and Iterative Decoding 161
Development of Concatenated Codes 161
Concatenated Codes for AWGN Channels 163
Encoder Structures 163
Iterative Decoder Structures 165
The SOVA Decoder 176
Performance with Maximum Likelihood Decoding 181
Examples 183
Concatenated Codes for MIMO Channels 186
Concatenated Space-Time Turbo Coding Scheme 187
Turbo Space-Time Trellis Coding Scheme 188
Turbo Space-Time Coding Scheme 189
Turbo-Coded Modulation for MIMO Channels 190
Encoder Structure 190
Decoder Structure 191
Examples 194
Concatenated Space-Time Block Coding 195
Encoder Structure 196
Decoder Structure 196
Performance Analysis 197
Examples 201
Chapter Summary and Further Reading 204
Problems 204
Unitary and Differential Space-Time Codes 207
Capacity of Noncoherent MIMO Channels 208
Channel Capacity 209
Capacity Achieving Signals 211
Unitary Space-Time Codes 211
USTC Encoder 211
ML Detection of USTCs 212
Performance Analysis 213
Construction of Unitary Space-Time Signals 214
Examples 221
Differential Space-Time Codes 221
Differential Space-Time Coding for Single Antenna Systems 221
Differential Space-Time Coding for MIMO Systems 224
Turbo-Coded Unitary Space-Time Codes 228
Encoder Structure 229
Noncoherent Iterative Decoder 229
Example 232
Trellis-Coded Unitary Space-Time Codes 233
Turbo-Coded Differential Space-Time Codes 235
Encoder Structure 235
Iterative Detectors 236
Chapter Summary and Further Reading 237
Problems 238
Space-Time Coding for Frequency Selective Fading Channels 239
MIMO Frequency Selective Channels 239
Capacity and Information Rates of MIMO Frequency Selective Fading Channels 240
Information Rates with Gaussian Inputs 240
Achievable Information Rates with Practical Constellations 241
Examples 245
Space-Time Coding for MIMO FS Channels 247
Interpretation of MIMO FS Channels Using Virtual Antennas 247
A Simple Full Diversity Code for MIMO FS Channels 249
Space-Time Trellis Codes for MIMO FS Channels 250
Concatenated Coding for MIMO FS Channels 253
Spatial Multiplexing for MIMO FS Channels 257
Channel Detection for MIMO FS Channels 257
Linear Equalization for MIMO FS Channels 258
Decision Feedback Equalization for MIMO FS Channels 258
Soft-Input Soft-Output Channel Detection 258
Other Reduced Complexity Approaches 259
MIMO OFDM Systems 260
MIMO-OFDM Channel Model 261
Space-Frequency Coding 262
Challenges in MIMO-OFDM 263
Chapter Summary and Further Reading 263
Problems 264
Practical Issues in MIMO Communications 267
Channel State Information Estimation 267
CSI Estimation Using Pilot Tones 268
What to Do with CSI? 271
Space-Time Coding Examples with Estimated CSI 272
Spatial Channel Correlation for MIMO Systems 273
Measurements and Modeling of Spatial Correlation 275
Spatial Channel Correlation Models 276
Channel Capacity with Spatial Correlation 277
Space-Time Code Performance with Spatial Correlation 279
Temporal Channel Correlation 281
MIMO Communication System Design Issues 283
Chapter Summary and Further Reading 284
Problems 285
Antenna Selection for MIMO Systems 287
Capacity-based Antenna Selection 287
System Model 288
Optimal Selection 289
Simplified (Suboptimal) Selection 290
Examples 290
Energy-based Antenna Selection 292
Antenna Selection for Space-Time Trellis Codes 293
Quasi-Static Fading Channels 293
Block Fading Channels 295
Fast Fading Channels 298
Examples 299
Antenna Selection for Space-Time Block Codes 302
Receive Antenna Selection 302
Transmit Antenna Selection 304
Examples 304
Antenna Selection for Combined Channel Coding and Orthogonal STBCs 306
Performance Analysis 306
Examples 307
Antenna Selection for Frequency Selective Channels 310
Antenna Selection with Nonidealities 311
Impact of Spatial Correlation 311
Example 312
Impact of Channel Estimation Error 312
Chapter Summary and Further Reading 313
Problems 314
Bibliography 317
Index 333