Capillary Electrophoresis and Microchip Capillary Electrophoresis : Principles, Applications, and Limitations

[BOOK DESCRIPTION]
Providing the most current information related to separations by capillary electrophoresis and microchip capillary electrophoresis, this innovative text provides a fundamental understanding of the CE and microchip-CE and their applications, along with troubleshooting hints. Emphasizing applications, such as protein characterization, Capillary Electrophoresis and Microchip Capillary Electrophoresis covers the most fundamental aspects of electrophoretically driven separations, specific problems linked to capillary electrophoresis at the microchip scale, including microfabrication techniques, separation modes, and detection systems, and concludes with a critical discussion related to applications of the technique.

[TABLE OF CONTENTS]

Preface                                            xvii
Acknowledgments                                    xix
Contributors                                       xxi
    1 Critical Evaluation of the Use of            1   (22)
    Surfactants in Capillary Electrophoresis
          Jessica L. Felhofer
          Karin Y. Chumbimuni-Torres
          Maria F. Mora
          Gabrielle G. Haby
          Carlos D. Garcia
      1.1 Introduction                             1   (3)
      1.2 Surfactants for Wall Coatings            4   (2)
        1.2.1 Controlling the Electroosmotic       4   (1)
        Flow
        1.2.2 Preventing Adsorption to the         5   (1)
        Capillary
      1.3 Surfactants as Buffer Additives          6   (3)
        1.3.1 Micellar Electrokinetic              6   (2)
        Chromatography
        1.3.2 Microemulsion Electrokinetic         8   (1)
        Chromatography
        1.3.3 Nonaqueous Capillary                 9   (1)
        Electrophoresis with Added Surfactants
      1.4 Surfactants for Analyte                  9   (5)
      Preconcentration
        1.4.1 Sweeping                             10  (1)
        1.4.2 Transient Trapping                   11  (1)
        1.4.3 Analyte Focusing by Micelle          12  (1)
        Collapse
        1.4.4 Micelle to Solvent Stacking          12  (1)
        1.4.5 Combinations of Preconcentration     12  (1)
        Methods
        1.4.6 Cloud Point Extraction               12  (2)
      1.5 Surfactants and Detection in CE          14  (2)
        1.5.1 Mass Spectrometry                    14  (1)
        1.5.2 Electrochemical Detection            15  (1)
      1.6 Conclusions                              16  (7)
        References                                 17  (6)
    2 Sample Stacking: A Versatile Approach for    23  (18)
    Analyte Enrichment in CE and Microchip-CE
          Bruno Perlatti
          Emanuel Carrilho
          Fernando Armani Aguiar
      2.1 Introduction                             23  (1)
      2.2 Isotachophoresis                         24  (1)
      2.3 Chromatography-Based Sample Stacking     25  (1)
      2.4 Methods Based on Electrophoretic         26  (3)
      Mobility and Velocity Manipulation
      (Electrophoretic Methods)
        2.4.1 Field-Enhanced Sample Stacking       27  (1)
        (FESS)
        2.4.2 Field-Enhanced Sample Injection      27  (1)
        (FESI)
        2.4.3 Large-Volume Sample Stacking         28  (1)
        (LVSS)
        2.4.4 Dynamic pH Junction                  28  (1)
      2.5 Sample Stacking in Pseudo-Stationary     29  (4)
      Phases
        2.5.1 Field-Enhanced Sample Stacking       29  (1)
        2.5.2 Hydrodynamic Injection Techniques    30  (1)
        2.5.2.1 Normal Stacking Mode (NSM)         30  (1)
        2.5.2.2 Reverse Electrode Polarity         30  (1)
        Stacking Mode (REPSM)
        2.5.2.3 Stacking with Reverse Migrating    30  (1)
        Micelles (SRMM)
        2.5.2.4 Stacking Using Reverse             31  (1)
        Migrating Micelles and a Water Plug
        (SRW)
        2.5.2.5 High-Conductivity Sample           31  (1)
        Stacking (HCSS)
        2.5.3 Electrokinetic Injection             32  (1)
        Techniques
        2.5.3.1 Field-Enhanced Sample Injection    32  (1)
        (FESI-MEKC)
        2.5.3.2 Field-Enhanced Sample Injection    32  (1)
        with Reverse Migrating Micelles
        (FESI-RMM)
        2.5.4 Sweeping                             32  (1)
        2.5.5 Combined Techniques                  33  (1)
        2.5.5.1 Dynamic pH Junction: Sweeping      33  (1)
        2.5.5.2 Selective Exhaustive Injection     33  (1)
        (SEI)
        2.5.6 New Techniques                       33  (1)
      2.6 Stacking Techniques in Microchips        33  (3)
      2.7 Concluding Remarks                       36  (5)
        References                                 37  (4)
    3 Sampling and Quantitative Analysis in        41  (26)
    Capillary Electrophoresis
          Petr Kuban
          Andrus Seiman
          Mihkel Kaljurand
      3.1 Introduction                             41  (1)
      3.2 Injection Techniques in CE               42  (11)
        3.2.1 Hydrodynamic Sample Injection        43  (1)
        3.2.1.1 Principle                          43  (1)
        3.2.1.2 Advantages and Performance         44  (1)
        3.2.1.3 Disadvantages                      44  (1)
        3.2.2 Electrokinetic Sample Injection      44  (1)
        3.2.2.1 Principle                          44  (1)
        3.2.2.2 Advantages and Performance         45  (1)
        3.2.2.3 Disadvantages                      45  (1)
        3.2.3 Bias-Free Electrokinetic Injection   45  (1)
        3.2.4 Extraneous Sample Introduction       46  (2)
        Accompanying Injections in CE
        3.2.5 Sample Stacking                      48  (1)
        3.2.5.1 Principle                          48  (1)
        3.2.5.2 Advantages and Performance         49  (1)
        3.2.5.3 Disadvantages                      50  (1)
        3.2.6 Alternative Batch Sample             50  (1)
        Injection Techniques
        3.2.6.1 Rotary-Type Injectors for CE       50  (1)
        3.2.6.2 Hydrodynamic Sample Splitting      51  (1)
        as Injection Method for CE
        3.2.6.3 Electrokinetic Sample Splitting    52  (1)
        as Injection Method for CE
        3.2.6.4 Dual-Opposite End Injection in     52  (1)
        CE
      3.3 Micromachined/Microchip Injection        53  (2)
      Devices
        3.3.1 Droplet Sampler Based on Digital     53  (1)
        Microfluidics
        3.3.2 Wire Loop Injection                  54  (1)
      3.4 Automated Flow Sample Injection and      55  (2)
      Hyphenated Systems
        3.4.1 Introduction                         55  (1)
        3.4.2 Advantages and Performance           56  (1)
        3.4.3 Disadvantages                        57  (1)
      3.5 Computerized Sampling and Data           57  (1)
      Analysis
      3.6 Sampling in Portable CE                  58  (1)
      Instrumentation
      3.7 Quantitative Analysis in CE              59  (3)
        3.7.1 Introduction                         59  (1)
        3.7.2 Quantitative Analysis with HD        59  (1)
        Injection
        3.7.3 Quantitative Analysis with EK        60  (1)
        Injection
        3.7.4 Validation of the Developed CE       61  (1)
        Methods
        3.7.5 Computer Data Treatment in           61  (1)
        Quantitative Analysis
      3.8 Conclusions                              62  (5)
        References                                 62  (5)
    4 Practical Considerations for the Design      67  (10)
    and Implementation of High-Voltage Power
    Supplies for Capillary and Microchip
    Capillary Electrophoresis
          Lucas Blanes
          Wendell Karlos
          Tomazelli Coltro
          Renata Mayumi Saito
          Claudimir Lucio do Lago
          Claude Roux
          Philip Doble
      4.1 Introduction                             67  (6)
        4.1.1 High-Voltage Fundamentals            67  (1)
        4.1.2 Electroosmotic Flow Control          68  (2)
        4.1.3 Technical Aspects                    70  (1)
        4.1.4 Construction of Bipolar HVPS from    70  (1)
        Unipolar HVPS
        4.1.5 Safety Considerations                71  (1)
        4.1.6 HVPS Commercially Available          71  (1)
        4.1.7 Practical Considerations             72  (1)
        4.1.8 Alternative Sources of HV            72  (1)
        4.1.9 HVPS Controllers for MCE             72  (1)
      4.2 High-Voltage Measurement                 73  (1)
      4.3 Concluding Remarks                       74  (3)
        References                                 74  (3)
    5 Artificial Neural Networks in Capillary      77  (18)
    Electrophoresis
          Josef Havel
          Eladia Maria Pena-Mendez
          Alberto Rojas-Hernandez
      5.1 Introduction                             77  (1)
      5.2 Optimization in CE: From Single          77  (4)
      Variable Approach Toward Artificial
      Neural Networks
        5.2.1 Limitations of "Traditional"         79  (1)
        Single Variable Approach
        5.2.2 Multivariate Approach with           79  (1)
        Experimental Design and Response
        Surface Modeling
        5.2.2.1 Experimental Design                79  (1)
        5.2.2.2 Response Surface Modeling          80  (1)
      5.3 Artificial Neural Networks in            81  (9)
      Electromigration Methods
        5.3.1 Introduction---Basic Principles      81  (1)
        of ANN
        5.3.2 Optimization Using a Combination     82  (1)
        of ED and ANN
        5.3.2.1 Testing of ED-ANN Algorithm        83  (1)
        5.3.2.2 Practical Applications of ED-ANN   83  (1)
        5.3.3 Quantitative CE Analysis and         84  (1)
        Determination from Overlapped Peaks
        5.3.3.1 Evaluation of Calibration Plots    84  (2)
        in CE Using ANN to Increase Precision
        of Analysis
        5.3.3.2 ANN in Quantitative CE Analysis    86  (1)
        from Overlapped Peaks
        5.3.4 ANN in CEC and MEKC                  86  (2)
        5.3.5 ANN for Peptides Modeling            88  (1)
        5.3.6 Classification and Fingerprinting    88  (2)
        5.3.7 Other Applications                   90  (1)
      5.4 Conclusions                              90  (5)
        Acknowledgments                            91  (1)
        References                                 91  (4)
    6 Improving the Separation in Microchip        95  (32)
    Electrophoresis by Surface Modification
          M. Teresa Fernandez-Abedul
          Isabel Alvarez-Martos
          Francisco Javier
          Garcia Alonso
          Agustin Costa-Garcia
      6.1 Introduction                             95  (1)
      6.2 Strategies for Improving Separation      96  (6)
        6.2.1 Selection of an Adequate             96  (1)
        Technique: ME
        6.2.2 Microchannel Design                  96  (1)
        6.2.3 Selection of an Appropriate ME       96  (1)
        Material
        6.2.4 Optimization of the Working          97  (1)
        Conditions
        6.2.5 Surface Modification                 97  (1)
        6.2.5.1 Surface Micro-and                  98  (1)
        Nanostructuring
        6.2.5.2 Employment of Energy Sources       99  (1)
        6.2.5.3 Chemical Surface Modification      99  (3)
      6.3 Chemical Modifiers                       102 (17)
        6.3.1 Surfactants                          104 (1)
        6.3.2 Ionic Liquids                        105 (3)
        6.3.3 Nanoparticles                        108 (2)
        6.3.4 Polymers                             110 (9)
      6.4 Conclusions                              119 (8)
        Acknowledgments                            120 (1)
        References                                 120 (7)
    7 Capillary Electrophoretic Reactor and        127 (18)
    Microchip Capillary Electrophoretic
    Reactor: Dissociation Kinetic Analysis
    Method for "Complexes" Using Capillary
    Electrophoretic Separation Process
          Toru Takahashi
          Nobuhiko Iki
      7.1 Introduction                             127 (1)
      7.2 Basic Concept of CER                     128 (1)
      7.3 Dissociation Kinetic Analysis of         129 (4)
      Metal Complexes Using a CER
        7.3.1 Determination of the Rate            130 (3)
        Constants of Dissociation of 1:2
        Complexes of Al3+ and Ga3+ with an Azo
        Dye Ligand
        2,2'-Dihydroxyazobenzene-5,5'-Disulfonat
        e in a CER
      7.4 Expanding the Scope of the CER to        133 (2)
      Measurements of Fast Dissociation
      Kinetics with a Half-Life from Seconds to
      Dozens of Seconds: Dissociation Kinetic
      Analysis of Metal Complexes Using a
      Microchip Capillary Electrophoretic
      Reactor (μCER)
      7.5 Expanding the Scope of the CER to the    135 (4)
      Measurement of Slow Dissociation Kinetics
      with a Half-Life of Hours
        7.5.1 Principle of LS-CER                  135 (1)
        7.5.2 Application of LS-CER to the         136 (2)
        Ti(IV)-Catechin Complex
        7.5.3 Application of LS-CER to the         138 (1)
        Ti(IV)-Tiron Complex
      7.6 Expanding the Scope of CER to
      Measurement of the
        Dissociation Kinetics of Biomolecular      139 (1)
        Complexes
        7.6.1 Dissociation Kinetic Analysis of     139 (3)
        [SSB-ssDNA] Using CER
      7.7 Conclusions                              142 (3)
        References                                 142 (3)
    8 Capacitively Coupled Contactless             145 (16)
    Conductivity Detection (C4D) Applied to
    Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) and
    Microchip Electrophoresis (MCE)
          Jose Alberto
          Fracassi da Silva
          Claudimir Lucio do Lago
          Dosil Pereira de Jesus
          Wendell Karlos
          Tomazelli Coltro
        1 Introduction                             145 (1)
        2 Theory of C4D                            145 (1)
        8.2.1 Basic Principles of C4D              145 (1)
        8.2.2 Simulation                           146 (1)
        8.2.3 Basic Equation for Sensitivity       147 (1)
        8.2.4 Equivalent Circuit of a CE-C4D       147 (1)
        System
        8.2.5 Practical Guidelines                 148 (1)
      8.3 C4D Applied to Capillary                 148 (3)
      Electrophoresis
        8.3.1 Instrumental Aspects in CE           149 (1)
        8.3.2 Coupling C4D with UV-Vis             149 (1)
        Photometric Detectors in CE
        8.3.3 Fundamental Studies in Capillary     149 (1)
        Electrophoresis Using C4D
        8.3.4 Fundamental Studies on C4D           149 (1)
        8.3.5 Applications                         150 (1)
      8.4 C4D Applied to Microchip Capillary       151 (10)
      Electrophoresis
        8.4.1 Geometry of the Detection            151 (1)
        Electrodes
        8.4.1.1 Embedded Electrodes                151 (2)
        8.4.1.2 Attached Electrodes                153 (1)
        8.4.1.3 External Electrodes                153 (1)
        8.4.2 Applications                         154 (1)
        8.4.2.1 Bioanalytical Applications         154 (1)
        8.4.2.2 On-Chip Enzymatic Reactions        155 (1)
        8.4.2.3 Food Analysis                      155 (1)
        8.4.2.4 Explosives and Chemical Warfare    155 (1)
        Agents
        8.4.2.5 Other Applications                 156 (1)
        5 Concluding Remarks                       156 (1)
        Acknowledgments                            157 (1)
        References                                 157 (4)
    9 Capillary Electrophoresis with               161 (16)
    Electrochemical Detection
          Blanaid White
      9.1 Principles of Electrochemical            161 (2)
      Detection
        9.1.1 Amperometric Detection               161 (1)
        9.1.2 Potentiometric Detection             162 (1)
        9.1.3 Conductivity Detection               162 (1)
      9.2 Interfacing Amperometric Detection to    163 (5)
      Capillary Electrophoresis
        9.2.1 Off-Column Detection                 163 (1)
        9.2.2 End-Column Detection                 164 (1)
        9.2.3 Use of Multiple Detection            165 (1)
        Electrodes
        9.2.4 Pulsed Amperometric Detection        166 (1)
        9.2.5 Nonaqueous EC Detection              166 (1)
        9.2.6 Electrode Material                   166 (1)
        9.2.7 Dual Conductivity and                167 (1)
        Amperometric Detection
      9.3 Interfacing Electrochemical Detection    168 (9)
      to Microfluidic Capillary Electrophoresis
        9.3.1 End-Column Detection                 168 (1)
        9.3.2 Pulsed Amperometric Detection        169 (1)
        9.3.3 Off-Channel Detection                169 (1)
        9.3.4 Electrode Material                   170 (1)
        9.3.5 Portable CE and MCE Systems          170 (1)
        9.3.6 Applications of CE-MCE with AD       171 (2)
        9.3.7 Future Directions for CE-MCE with    173 (1)
        EC Detection
        References                                 173 (4)
    10 Overcoming Challenges in Using Microchip    177 (24)
    Electrophoresis for Extended Monitoring
    Applications
          Scott D. Noblitt
          Charles S. Henry
      10.1 Introduction                            177 (2)
      10.2 Background Electrolyte (BGE)            179 (7)
      Longevity
      10.3 Achieving Rapid Sequential Injections   186 (6)
      10.4 Robust Quantitation                     192 (5)
      10.5 Conclusions                             197 (4)
        References                                 198 (3)
    11 Distinction of Coexisting Protein           201 (28)
    Conformations by Capillary Electrophoresis
          Hanno Stutz
      11.1 Introduction                            201 (2)
        11.1.1 Theoretical Aspects of in vivo      202 (1)
        Protein Folding
      11.2 Protein Misfolding and Induction of     203 (1)
      Unfolding
      11.3 Conformational Pathologies              204 (1)
      11.4 Distinction Between Conformations       205 (1)
      11.5 Relevance of Conformations for          206 (1)
      Biotechnological Products
      11.6 Conformational Elucidation---An         206 (1)
      Overview of Alternative Methods to CE
      11.7 HPLC in Conformational Distinction      207 (2)
        11.7.1 Intact Proteins                     207 (1)
        11.7.1.1 Reversed-Phase (RP)-HPLC          207 (1)
        11.7.1.2 Size Exclusion (SEC)-HPLC         208 (1)
        11.7.1.3 Ion-Exchange-HPLC                 208 (1)
        11.7.2 HPLC with Detectors Sensitive       208 (1)
        for Conformations and Aggregates
        11.7.3 Peptides as Model Compounds for     208 (1)
        Hydrophobic Stationary Phases in HPLC
      11.8 Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) in       209 (14)
      Conformational Separations
        11.8.1 Fundamental Aspects and Survey      209 (1)
        of Pitfalls
        11.8.2 Electrophoretic Mobility of         210 (1)
        Proteins
        11.8.3 Peak Profiles and Derivable         211 (2)
        Thermodynamic Aspects of Protein
        Re-/Unfolding
        11.8.4 Dipeptides as a Case Study for      213 (1)
        Isomerization
        11.8.5 Denaturation Factors and            214 (1)
        Strategies Applied in CE
        11.8.5.1 Separation Electrolyte,           215 (1)
        Injection Solution, and Sample Storage
        11.8.5.2 Denaturation by Urea,             215 (1)
        Dithiothreitol, and GdmCl
        11.8.5.3 Effects of pH and Organic         216 (1)
        Solvents
        11.8.5.4 Temperature                       216 (2)
        11.8.5.5 Electrical Field                  218 (1)
        11.8.5.6 Detergents                        218 (3)
        11.8.5.7 Ligands and Ions---Case           221 (1)
        Studies on Potential Amyloidogenic
        β2m
        11.8.6 β-Amyloid Peptides             222 (1)
        11.8.6.1 Prions                            223 (1)
      11.9 Comparison Between CE and HPLC          223 (1)
      11.10 Conclusive Discussion and Method       223 (6)
      Evaluation
        11.10.1 General Aspects                    223 (1)
        11.10.2 HPLC                               224 (1)
        11.10.3 CE                                 224 (1)
        References                                 225 (4)
    12 Capillary Electromigration Techniques       229 (18)
    for the Analysis of Drugs and Metabolites
    in Biological Matrices: A Critical Appraisal
          Cristiane Masetto de Gaitani
          Anderson Rodrigo
          Moraes de Oliveira
          Pierina Sueli Bonato
      12.1 Introduction                            229 (1)
      12.2 Strategies to Obtain Reliable           230 (8)
      Capillary Electromigration Methods for
      the Bioanalysis of Drugs and Metabolites
        12.2.1 Selectivity and Detectability       230 (2)
        12.2.1.1 Efficiency                        232 (1)
        12.2.1.2 Sample Preparation                233 (2)
        12.2.1.3 Detectors                         235 (1)
        12.2.2 Repeatability                       236 (2)
      12.3 Selected Applications of Capillary      238 (5)
      Electromigration Techniques in Bioanalysis
        12.3.1 Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism     238 (2)
        Studies
        12.3.2 Enantioselective Analysis of        240 (1)
        Drugs and Metabolites
        12.3.3 Biopharmaceuticals or               240 (1)
        Biotechnology-Derived Pharmaceuticals
        12.3.4 Therapeutic Drug Monitoring         241 (1)
        12.3.5 Clinical and Forensic Toxicology    242 (1)
      12.4 Concluding Remarks                      243 (4)
        References                                 243 (4)
    13 Capillary Electrophoresis and Multicolor    247 (20)
    Fluorescent DNA Analysis in an Optofluidic
    Chip
          Chaitanya Dongre
          Hugo J.W.M. Hoekstra
          Markus Pollnau
      13.1 Introduction                            247 (1)
      13.2 Optofluidic Integration in an           248 (1)
      Electrophoretic Microchip
        13.2.1 Sample Fabrication                  248
        13.2.2 Optofluidic Characterization        218 (31)
      13.3 Fluorescence Monitoring of On-Chip      249 (4)
      DNA Separation
        13.3.1 Experimental Materials and          249 (1)
        Methods
        13.3.2 Experimental Results and Analysis   250 (3)
      13.4 Toward Ultrasensitive Fluorescence      253 (2)
      Detection
        13.4.1 Optimization of the Experimental    253 (1)
        Setup
        13.4.2 All-Numerical Postprocessed         253 (2)
        Noise Filtering
      13.5 Multicolor Fluorescent DNA Analysis     255 (8)
        13.5.1 Dual-Point, Dual-Wavelength         256 (3)
        Fluorescence Monitoring
        13.5.2 Modulation-Frequency Encoded        259 (1)
        Multiwavelength Fluorescence Sensing
        13.5.3 Application to Multiplex            260 (3)
        Ligation-Dependent Probe Amplification
      13.6 Conclusions and Outlook                 263 (4)
        Acknowledgments                            264 (1)
        References                                 264 (3)
    14 Capillary Electrophoresis of Intact         267 (10)
    Unfractionated Heparin and Related
    Impurities
          Robert Weinberger
      14.1 Introduction                            267 (2)
      14.2 Capillary Electrophoresis and Heparin   269 (1)
      14.3 Method Development in Capillary         269 (3)
      Electrophoresis
      14.4 Common Impurities Found in Heparin      272 (1)
      14.5 The United States Pharmacoepia and      273 (1)
      CE of Heparin
      14.6 Interlaboratory Collaborative Study     274 (1)
      14.7 Conclusions                             275 (2)
        References                                 275 (2)
    15 Microchip Capillary Electrophoresis for     277 (16)
    In Situ Planetary Exploration
          Peter A. Willis
          Amanda M. Stockton
      15.1 Introduction                            277 (2)
      15.2 Instrument Design                       279 (1)
      15.3 Instrumentation External to the         280 (2)
      Microdevice
      15.4 Microdevice Basics                      282 (3)
        15.4.1 All-Glass Devices for Microchip     282 (2)
        Capillary Electrophoresis
        15.4.2 Three-Layer Hybrid Substrate        284 (1)
        Glass-PDMS Devices for Fluidic
        Manipulation
        15.4.3 Integrating Fluidic Manipulation    285 (1)
        with Electrophoresis
      15.5 Microdevices and their Applications     285 (4)
        15.5.1 Microdevices with Bus-Valve         285 (3)
        Control of Microfluidic Manipulation
        15.5.2 Automaton Devices for               288 (1)
        Programmable Microfluidic Manipulation
      15.6 Conclusions                             289 (4)
        Acknowledgments                            290 (1)
        References                                 290 (3)
    16 Rapid Analysis of Charge Heterogeneity      293 (16)
    of Monoclonal Antibodies by Capillary Zone
    Electrophoresis and Imaged Capillary
    Isoelectric Focusing
          Yan He
          Jim Mo
          Xiaoping He
          Margaret Ruesch
      16.1 Introduction                            293 (2)
      16.2 Capillary Zone Electrophoresis          295 (4)
        16.2.1 Separation and Detection Strategy   295 (1)
        16.2.1.1 Capillary Construction            295 (1)
        16.2.1.2 Buffer Composition                295 (2)
        16.2.1.3 Separation Voltage and Field      297 (1)
        Strength
        16.2.1.4 Detection                         297 (1)
        16.2.2 Applications                        297 (2)
      16.3 Imaged Capillary Isoelectric Focusing   299 (7)
        16.3.1 Method Development and              299 (1)
        Optimization
        16.3.1.1 Carrier Ampholyte                 300 (1)
        16.3.1.2 Additives                         300 (1)
        16.3.1.3 Focusing Time and Voltage         300 (3)
        16.3.1.4 Salt Concentration                303 (1)
        16.3.1.5 Protein Concentration             303 (1)
        16.3.2 iCE Method Validation               303 (1)
        16.3.3 Applications                        304 (1)
        16.3.3.1 Cell Line Development Support     304 (1)
        16.3.3.2 Formulation Screening             304 (1)
        16.3.3.3 Characterization of Acidic        305 (1)
        Species
      16.4 Summary                                 306 (3)
        References                                 307 (2)
    17 Application of Capillary Electrophoresis    309 (10)
    for High-Throughput Screening of Drug
    Metabolism
          Roman Reminek
          Jochen Pauwels
          Xu Wang
          Jos Hoogmartens
          Zdenek Glatz
          Ann Van Schepdael
      17.1 Introduction                            309 (1)
      17.2 Sample Deproteinization                 310 (1)
      17.3 On-line Preconcentration                311 (1)
      17.4 Method Development                      312 (2)
        17.4.1 Dynamic Coating of Inner            312 (1)
        Capillary Wall
        17.4.2 Short-End Injection                 313 (1)
        17.4.3 Strong Rinsing Procedure            313 (1)
        17.4.4 Optimized Method                    313 (1)
      17.5 Method Validation                       314 (1)
      17.6 Method Applications                     315 (1)
        17.6.1 Drug Stability Screening            315 (1)
        17.6.2 Kinetic Study                       316 (1)
      17.7 Conclusions                             316 (3)
        Acknowledgments                            317 (1)
        References                                 317 (2)
    18 Electrokinetic Transport of                 319 (8)
    Microparticles in the Microfluidic
    Enclosure Domain
          Qian Liang
          Chun Yang
          Jianmin Miao
      18.1 Introduction                            319 (1)
      18.2 Numerical Model                         320 (2)
        18.2.1 Problem Description                 320 (1)
        18.2.2 Mathematical Model                  320 (2)
      18.3 Numerical Simulation                    322 (1)
      18.4 Results and Discussion                  322 (3)
        18.4.1 Particle Transport in the Bulk      322 (1)
        Flow
        18.4.1.1 The Particle Velocity in the      322 (1)
        Confined Domain
        18.4.1.2 The Trajectory of Particle        323 (1)
        Transport within the Confined Domain
        18.4.1.3 The Effect of Sidewall Zeta       324 (1)
        Potential on the Particle Motion
        18.4.2 Particle Transport Near the         325 (1)
        Bottom Surface
        18.4.2.1 The Effect of the EDL             325 (1)
        Thickness on the Near Wall Motion of
        the Particle
        18.4.2.2 The Effect of Surface Charge      325 (1)
        on the Near Wall Transport of the
        Particle
      18.5 Model Application                       325 (1)
      18.6 Conclusions                             326 (1)
        References                                 326 (1)
    19 Integration of Nanomaterials in             327 (32)
    Capillary and Microchip Electrophoresis as
    a Flexible Tool
          German A. Messina
          Roberto A. Olsina
          Patricia W. Stege
      19.1 Introduction                            327 (5)
        19.1.1 Historical Overview of              327 (2)
        Nanotechnology
        19.1.2 Nanomaterials                       329 (1)
        19.1.2.1 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials        329 (1)
        19.1.2.2 Metal-Based Nanomaterials         329 (2)
        19.1.2.3 Dendrimers                        331 (1)
        19.1.2.4 Composites                        331 (1)
      19.2 Nanomaterials in Analytical Chemistry   332 (1)
      19.3 Nanoparticles in Capillary              333 (19)
      Electrophoresis
        19.3.1 Nanoparticles in Capillary          334 (1)
        Electrochromatography
        19.3.1.1 Organic Nanoparticles             334 (4)
        19.3.1.2 Inorganic Particles               338 (4)
        19.3.2 Nanoparticles in Electrokinetic     342 (1)
        Chromatography
        19.3.2.1 Organic Nanoparticles             343 (4)
        19.3.2.2 Inorganic Particles               347 (2)
        19.3.3 Nanoparticles in Microchip          349 (3)
        Electrochromatography
      19.4 Conclusions                             352 (7)
        References                                 353 (6)
    20 Microchip Capillary Electrophoresis to      359 (8)
    Study the Binding of Ligands to Teicoplanin
    Derivatized on Magnetic Beads
          Toni Ann Riveros
          Roger Lo
          Xiaojun Liu
          Marisol Salgado
          Hector Carmona
          Frank A. Gomez
      20.1 Introduction                            359 (1)
      20.2 Experimental Section                    359 (2)
        20.2.1 Materials and Methods               359 (1)
        20.2.1.1 Equipment and Fabrication of      360 (1)
        the Microchips
        20.2.1.2 Surface Coating                   360 (1)
        20.2.1.3 Teic Immobilization on            360 (1)
        Magnetic Microbeads
        20.2.2 Procedures                          360 (1)
        20.2.2.1 FAMCE Studies                     360 (1)
        20.2.2.2 MFAC Studies                      361 (1)
      20.3 Results and Discussion                  361 (3)
        20.3.1 FAMCE Studies                       361 (1)
        20.3.1.1 Nonspecific Adsorption            361 (1)
        Resistance
        20.3.1.2 The Binding of DA3 to             362 (1)
        Teic-Beads
        20.3.2 MFAC Studies                        363 (1)
      20.4 Conclusions                             364 (3)
        Acknowledgments                            365 (1)
        References                                 365 (2)
    21 Glycomic Profiling Through Capillary        367 (18)
    Electrophoresis and Microchip Capillary
    Electrophoresis
          Yehia Mechref
      21.1 Introduction                            367 (2)
        21.1.1 Release of N-Glycans from           368 (1)
        Glycoproteins
        21.1.1.1 Chemical Release                  368 (1)
        21.1.1.2 Enzymatic Release                 368 (1)
        21.1.2 Release of O-Glycans from           368 (1)
        Glycoproteins
        21.1.2.1 Chemical Release                  368 (1)
        21.1.2.2 Enzymatic Release                 369 (1)
      21.2 General Considerations of Capillary     369 (8)
      Electrophoresis and Microchip Capillary
      Electrophoresis of Glycans
        21.2.1 Capillary                           369 (3)
        Electrophoresis-Laser-Induced
        Fluorescence (CE-LIF) Analysis of
        Glycans
        21.2.2 Interfacing Capillary               372 (1)
        Electrophoresis and Capillary
        Electrochromatography to Mass
        Spectrometry
        21.2.2.1 ESI Interfaces for Capillary      372 (1)
        Electrophoresis
        21.2.2.2 Sheathless-Flow Interface         372 (1)
        21.2.2.3 Sheath-Flow Interface             373 (1)
        21.2.2.4 Liquid Junction Interface         373 (1)
        21.2.2.5 MALDI Interfaces for Capillary    373 (1)
        Electrophoresis
        21.2.2.6 CE-MS Analysis of Glycans         374 (2)
        21.2.2.7 Glycomic Analysis by CEC-MS       376 (1)
      21.3 Microchip Capillary Electrophoresis     377 (3)
      21.4 Conclusions                             380 (5)
        References                                 381 (4)
Index                                              385