Book DescriptionWritten by the author of highly effective psychology texts relied upon by thousands of teachers and students, this text shows future teachers how to put theory into practice. It reflects the voices of today’s teachers and students, and includes numerous case studies to help pre-service teachers understand how to apply educational psychology.
The
Classroom Update enriches
Educational Psychology with a wealth of new applied resources: a video library for students that includes "Expert Advice" interviews with experts in the field; "Video Lectures" expanding content covered in the text; "Video Observations" showing K-12 classrooms; and "Teaching Experience" interviews with K-12 teachers. Also new to the update are specific strategies offered by K-12 teachers, "Theory into Practice" modules that allow students to study and apply key theories, and "Enter the Debate" questions regarding controversial, thought-provoking issues. A
PRAXIS™ II (Principles of Learning and Teaching) study guide is now available as a print supplement or in electronic form on the
Student Toolbox CD-ROM.
Table Of Contents
Preface
Educational Psychology: A Tool for Effective Teaching
Exploring Educational Psychology
Historical Background
Teaching: Art and Science
Effective Teaching
Professional Knowledge and Skills
Commitment and Motivation
Self-Assessment 1.1 The Best and Worst Characteristics of My Teachers
Research in Educational Psychology
Why Research Is Important
The Scientific Research Approach
Research Methods
Program Evaluation Research, Action Research, and the Teacher-as-Researcher
Research Challenges
Crack the Case The Curriculum Decision
Reach Your Learning Goals
Key Terms
Portfolio Activities
Taking It to the Net
Study, Practice, and Succeed
Cognitive and Language Development
An Overview of Child Development
Why Studying Development Is Important
Processes and Periods
Cognitive Development
The Brain
Piaget's Theory
Vygotsky's Theory
Self-Assessment 2.1 Applying Piaget and Vygotsky in My Classroom
Language Development
What Is Language?
Biological and Environmental Influences
How Language Develops
Crack the Case The Book Report
Reach Your Learning Goals
Key Terms
Portfolio Activities
Taking It to the Net
Study, Practice, and Succeed
Social Contexts and Socioemotional Development
Contemporary Theories
Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory
Erikson's Life-Span Development Theory
Social Contexts of Development
Families
Peers
Schools
Socioemotional Development
The Self
Moral Development
Self-Assessment 3.1 Where Are You Now? Exploring Your Identity
Crack the Case The Fight
Reach Your Learning Goals
Key Terms
Portfolio Activities
Taking It to the Net
Study, Practice, and Succeed
Individual Variations
Intelligence
Individual Intelligence Tests
Individual Tests Versus Group Tests
Theories of Multiple Intelligences
Self-Assessment 4.1 Evaluating Myself on Gardner's Eight Types of Intelligence
Controversies and Issues in Intelligence
Learning and Thinking Styles
Dichotomies of Learning and Thinking Styles
Evaluating Learning and Thinking Styles
Personality and Temperament
Personality
Temperament
Crack the Case The Workshops
Reach Your Learning Goals
Key Terms
Portfolio Activities
Taking It to the Net
Study, Practice, and Succeed
Sociocultural Diversity
Culture and Ethnicity
Culture
Socioeconomic Status
Ethnicity
Language Issues
Multicultural Education
Empowering Students
Culturally Relevant Teaching
Issues-Centered Education
Improving Relationships Among Children from Different Ethnic Groups
The Issue of Whether a Core of ``White'' Values Should Be Taught
Gender
Views on Gender Development
Gender Stereotyping, Similarities, and Differences
Gender-Role Classification
Self-Assessment 5.1 What Gender-Role Orientation Will I Present to My Students?
Gender in Context
Eliminating Gender Bias
Crack the Case These Boys
Reach Your Learning Goals
Key Terms
Portfolio Activities
Taking It to the Net
Study, Practice, and Succeed
Learners Who Are Exceptional
Who Are Children with Disabilities?
Sensory Disorders
Physical Disorders
Mental Retardation
Speech and Language Disorders
Learning Disabilities
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Emotional and Behavioral Disorders
Self-Assessment 6.1 Evaluating My Experiences with People Who Have Various Disabilities and Disorders
Educational Issues Involving Children with Disabilities
Legal Aspects
Placements and Services
Parents as Educational Partners
Technology
Children Who Are Gifted
Characteristics
The Classic Terman Studies
Educating Children Who Are Gifted
Crack the Case Now What?
Reach Your Learning Goals
Key Terms
Portfolio Activities
Taking It to the Net
Study, Practice, and Succeed
Behavioral and Social Cognitive Approaches
What Is Learning?
What Learning Is and Is Not
Approaches to Learning
Behavioral Approaches to Learning
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Applied Behavior Analysis in Education
What Is Applied Behavior Analysis?
Increasing Desirable Behaviors
Decreasing Undesirable Behaviors
Evaluating Operant Conditioning and Applied Behavior Analysis
Social Cognitive Approaches to Learning
Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory
Observational Learning
Self-Assessment 7.1 Models and Mentors in My Life and My Students' Lives
Cognitive Behavior Approaches and Self-Regulation
Self-Assessment 7.2 Self-Monitoring
Evaluating the Social Cognitive Approaches
Crack the Case Consequences
Reach Your Learning Goals
Key Terms
Portfolio Activities
Taking It to the Net
Study, Practice, and Succeed
The Information-Processing Approach
The Nature of the Information-Processing Approach
Information, Memory, and Thinking
Siegler's View
Memory
What Is Memory?
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval and Forgetting
Expertise
Expertise and Learning
Acquiring Expertise
Self-Assessment 8.1 How Effective Are My Memory and Study Strategies?
Expertise and Teaching
Metacognition
Developmental Changes
The Good Information-Processing Model
Strategies and Metacognitive Regulation
Crack the Case The Test
Reach Your Learning Goals
Key Terms
Portfolio Activities
Taking It to the Net
Study, Practice, and Succeed
Complex Cognitive Processes
Conceptual Understanding
What Are Concepts?
Promoting Concept Formation
Thinking
What Is Thinking?
Reasoning
Critical Thinking
Decision Making
Creative Thinking
Self-Assessment 9.1 How Good Am I at Thinking Creatively?
Problem Solving
Steps in Problem Solving
Obstacles to Solving Problems
Problem-Based Learning
Self-Assessment 9.2 How Effective Are My Thinking and Problem-Solving Strategies?
Transfer
What Is Transfer?
Types of Transfer
Crack the Case The Statistics Test
Reach Your Learning Goals
Key Terms
Portfolio Activities
Taking It to the Net
Study, Practice, and Succeed
Social Constructivist Approaches
Social Constructivist Approaches to Teaching
Social Constructivism in the Broader Constructivist Context
Situated Cognition
Teachers and Peers as Joint Contributors to Students' Learning
Scaffolding
Cognitive Apprenticeship
Tutoring
Cooperative Learning
Structuring Small-Group Work
Composing the Group
Team-Building Skills
Structuring Group Interaction
Self-Assessment 10.1 Evaluating My Social Constructivist Experiences
Social Constructivist Programs
Fostering a Community of Learners
Schools for Thought
A Collaborative School
Crack the Case The Constructivist Classroom
Reach Your Learning Goals
Key Terms
Portfolio Activities
Taking It to the Net
Study, Practice, and Succeed
Learning and Cognition in the Content Areas
Expert Knowledge and Pedagogical Content Knowledge
Reading
A Developmental Model of Reading
Approaches to Reading
Cognitive Approaches
Social Constructivist Approaches
Writing
Developmental Changes
Cognitive Approaches
Social Constructivist Approaches
Self-Assessment 11.1 Evaluating My Reading and Writing Experiences
Mathematics
Developmental Changes
Controversy in Math Education
Some Constructivist Principles
Technology and Math Instruction
Connecting with Parents
Science
Scientific Thinking
Science Education
Constructivist Teaching Strategies
Social Studies
What Is Social Studies?
Constructivist Approaches
Crack the Case The Constructivist Math Curriculum
Reach Your Learning Goals
Key Terms
Portfolio Activities
Taking It to the Net
Study, Practice, and Succeed
Planning, Instruction, and Technology
Planning
Instructional Planning
Time Frames and Planning
Teacher-Centered Lesson Planning and Instruction
Teacher-Centered Lesson Planning
Direct Instruction
Teacher-Centered Instructional Strategies
Evaluating Teacher-Centered Instruction
Lesson-Centered Lesson Planning and Instruction
Learner-Centered Principles
Some Learner-Centered Instructional Strategies
Evaluating Learner-Centered Instruction
Technology and Education
The Technology Revolution
The Internet
Technology and Sociocultural Diversity
Standards for Technology-Literate Students
The Future of Technology in Schools
Self-Assessment 12.1 Evaluating My Technology Skills and Attitudes
Crack the Case The Big Debate
Reach Your Learning Goals
Key Terms
Portfolio Activities
Taking It to the Net
Study, Practice, and Succeed
Motivation, Teaching, and Learning
Exploring Motivation
What Is Motivation?
Perspectives on Motivation
Motivation to Achieve
Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation
Other Cognitive Processes
Anxiety and Achievement
Teacher Expectations
Motivation, Relationships, and Sociocultural Contexts
Social Motives
Social Relationships
Sociocultural Contexts
Hard-to-Reach, Low-Achieving Students
Discouraged Students
Uninterested or Alienated Students
Self-Assessment 13.1 Evaluating My Motivation
Crack the Case The Reading Incentive Program
Reach Your Learning Goals
Key Terms
Portfolio Activities
Taking It to the Net
Study, Practice, and Succeed
Managing the Classroom
Why Classrooms Need to Be Managed Effectively
Management Issues in Elementary and Secondary School Classrooms
The Crowded, Complex, and Potentially Chaotic Classroom
Getting Off to the Right Start
Emphasizing Instruction and a Positive Classroom Climate
Management Goals and Strategies
Designing the Physical Environment of the Classroom
Principles of Classroom Arrangement
Arrangement Style
Creating a Postive Environment for Learning
General Strategies
Creating, Teaching, and Maintaining Rules and Procedures
Getting Students to Cooperate
Being a Good Communicator
Speaking Skills
Listening Skills
Nonverbal Communication
Self-Assessment 14.1 Evaluating My Communication Skills
Dealing with Problem Behaviors
Management Strategies
Dealing with Aggression
Classroom and School-Based Programs
Crack the Case The Chatty Student
Reach Your Learning Goals
Key Terms
Portfolio Activities
Taking It to the Net
Study, Practice, and Succeed
Standardized Tests and Teaching
The Nature of Standardized Tests
What Is a Standardized Test?
The Purposes of Standardized Tests
Criteria for Evaluating Standardized Tests
Aptitude and Achievement Tests
Comparing Aptitude and Achievement Tests
Types of Standardized Achievement Tests
High-Stakes State-Mandated Tests
District and National Tests
The Teacher's Roles
Preparing Students to Take Standardized Tests
Administering Standardized Tests
Understanding and Interpreting Test Results
Self-Assessment 15.1 Evaluating My Knowledge of and Skills in Computing Measures of Central Tendency and Variability
Using Standardized Test Scores to Plan and Improve Instruction
Issues in Standardized Testing
Standardized Tests, Alternative Assessments, and High-Stakes Testing
Diversity and Standardized Testing
Crack the Case Standardized Tests
Reach Your Learning Goals
Key Terms
Portfolio Activities
Taking It to the Net
Study, Practice, and Succeed
Classroom Assessment
The Classroom as an Assessment Context
Assessment as an Integral Part of Teaching
Making Assessment Compatible with Contemporary Views of Learning and Motivation
Creating Clear, Appropriate Learning Targets
Establishing High-Quality Assessments
Current Trends
Traditional Tests
Selected-Response Items
Constructed-Response Items
Alternative Assessments
Trends in Alternative Assessment
Performance-Based Assessment
Portfolio Assessment
Grading and Reporting Performance
The Purposes of Grading
Self-Assessment 16.1 Planning My Classroom Assessment Philosophy
The Components of a Grading System
Reporting Students' Progress and Grades to Parents
Some Issues in Grading
Computers and Assessment
Using Computers for Assessment
Constructing, Printing, Administering, and Scoring Tests
Electronic Portfolios
Record Keeping
Web-Based Assessment
Crack the Case The Project
Reach Your Learning Goals
Key Terms
Portfolio Activities
Taking It to the Net
Study, Practice, and Succeed
Glossary
References
Credits
Name Index
Subject Index
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