Book DescriptionSystems Requirement Analysis gives the professional systems engineer the tools to set up a proper and effective analysis of the resources, schedules and parts that will be needed in order to successfully undertake and complete any large, complex project. The text offers the reader the methodology for rationally breaking a large project down into a series of stepwise questions so that a schedule can be determined and a plan can be established for what needs to be procured, how it should be obtained, and what the likely costs in dollars, manpower and equipment will be in order to complete the project at hand.
Systems Requirement Analysis is compatible with the full range of engineering management tools now popularly used, from project management to competitive engineering to Six Sigma, and will ensure that a project gets off to a good start before it’s too late to make critical planning changes. The book can be used for either self-instruction or in the classroom, offering a wealth of detail about the advantages of requirements analysis to the individual reader or the student group.
Table Of Contents
List of Illustrations
List of Tables
Preface
Acknowledgments
PART 1, INTRODUCTION
Introduction to System Requirements Analysis
The Human Foundation
What Is a System?
What Is System Development?
The Fundamental System Relation
What Is System Requirements Analysis?
System Requirements Analysis Timing Considerations
Development Approaches
Degree of Precedence Alternatives
Organizational Alternatives
Data Environment Alternatives
Some History and References
Overview of the Book
How It Came to Be
The Remainder of This Part
The Other Parts of This Book
How to Get the Most Out of the Book
System Development Process Overview
The Ultimate Process Step --- The Enterprise Vision
Product-Line Effects
Customer-Base Effects
Structured Process Analysis and Process Definition Expansion
Documentation Media
Lower-Tier Development Functionality
Grand Systems Requirements, F41
Program Integration
Initial System Analysis
Publish Specifications, F4122
Traditional Structured Analysis, F4113
Computer Software Structured Analysis, F4114
Validate Requirements, F4121
Grand Systems Synthesis, F42
Design Grand System, F421
Item Team Preliminary Design, F4211
Item Team Detailed Design, F4212
Material Operations, F422
Manufacture System, F423
Grand Systems Verification, F44
Grand Systems Sustainment, F48
Logistical Support System, F482 and F483
Deploy/Deliver Product System, F481
Modify Product System, F484
Dispose of the System, F485
Use Product System, F47
Manage Program, F49
Assure Product and Process Quality, F46
Process Variations
The Situation
The Central Model
DoD Process Rationale
Other U.S. Government Life-Cycle Models
Commercial Firm Future
The JOG System Engineering Prescription for Specifications
Template Preparation
Map Templates to Functional Departments
Map Templates to Structured Analysis Models
Provide for Configuration Management of the Model Base
Perform Structured Analysis on Programs
Allocate All Requirements to Product Architecture
Coordinate RAS-Complete with Template Structure
Capture Modeling Work Products in SDD
Alternative Sequence Models
Concentrated Versus Distributed Customer Base
Precedented Versus Unprecedented Systems
The Three Gross Models
The Lowest Common Denominator
PART 2, REQUIREMENTS FOUNDATION
Requirements Fundamentals
Primitive Requirements Statement
The Essence of a Requirement
Document Style and Format
Primitive Requirement Statement Conversion
Total Effect of Changes
Variations
Document Example
Requirements Value Definition Methods
Why Is Quantification Important?
Value Definition Methods
Requirements Derivation
Kinds of Requirements
Performance Requirements
Design Constraints
What Is a Design Constraint?
Design Constraints Analysis Timing
Major Design Constraint Categories
Requirements in Time
The Remaining Road
Requirements Traceability Relationships
Requirements Are Not Islands
Vertical Traceability
Requirements Source Traceability
Requirements Rationale Traceability
Requirements Traceability and Allocation/Flow Down
Parent-Child Requirements Traceability
Why Traceability?
Traceability Mechanism
Traceability Across Interfaces
Multiple Traceability Paths
Longitudinal Traceability
Requirements Traceability to Process
Single Sheet Traceability to Process
Specification Template Traceability
Grand System Traceability
Traceability Reporting
Traceability Audits
Requirements Allocation, Margins, and Budgets
Requirement Value Determination
Requirements Allocation
Margin Management
What Are Formal Margins?
Selection and Maintenance of Design Margin Parameters
Safety Margins
Inclusion of Margin Accounts in Requirements Data
Design Margin Account Transfers
Budget Management
Requirements Analysis Strategies
The Four Strategies
Freestyle Strategy
Cloning Strategy
Specification Standards
Like Item Approach
Parent Item, Flow Down, or Allocation Approach
Flow Down Scope Limitation
Question and Answer Strategy
Structured Analysis Strategy
PART 3, TRADITIONAL STRUCTURED ANALYSIS
System Beginnings
What's in a Name?
In the Beginning
The Meaning of the Term
Unprecedented System Definition
Customer Interaction
Mission and Operations Analysis
MOE and Selection Criteria Development
Requirements Work
System Environmental Definition
Specialty Discipline Analyses
Concept and Program Design
Manage the Study
Program Funding Profile Requirements
Trade Studies
Trade Study Mechanics
Post Selection Tasks
Rigor Versus Creativity
Precedented System Definition
Concluding Reviews
A General Theory of Structured Analysis
What Is Structured Analysis?
Structured Analysis Goals
Where Does It Appear in the Process?
Comparative Overview of Approaches
Polyfaceted View of Problem Spaces
Entry Facet Differences
An Entry Continuum
Model Documentation
Completeness and Avoiding Model Madness
Detailed Coverage of Models
Functional Analysis
The Heritage of Structured Analysis
Form Follows Function
Functional Flow Analysis
Function Identification and Sequence
The Top Function
Life-Cycle Master Flow Diagram
Flow Diagramming Details
Detailed Flow Diagrams
Functional N-Square Diagramming
Performance Requirements Analysis
Allocation Pacing
Independent Mode
Instant Allocation Mode
Progressive Allocation Mode
Layered Approach
Product and Process Performance Requirements Analysis and Allocation
Preliminaries
Product Performance Requirements Analysis
Process Performance Requirements Analysis
Requirements Development Strategies
The General Plan
Transition to Process Analysis
Primitive Statement and Transform
Value Identification
Product Class Differences
Product Computer Software
Operational and Logistics Task Analysis
Product Facilities
Composite Product Objects
Guidelines
Verification Planning Analysis (VPA)
Overview
Development Evaluation Test Requirements Analysis
Item Qualification Verification Requirements Analysis
System Test and Evaluation Requirements Analysis
Item Acceptance Test Requirements Analysis
Logistics Support Analysis
Allocation of Functionality
Team Briefing
Review Past Allocations
Brainstorming and Analysis
Consolidation
New Architecture Identification
Engineering Review Meeting
Overall Coordination
Allocation Criteria Guidance
Additional Performance Requirements Analysis Examples
Performance Requirements Analysis Example 1
Performance Requirements Analysis Example 2
Performance Requirements Analysis Example 3
Performance Requirements Analysis Example 4
Performance Requirements Analysis Preceding Function Allocation
RAS-Centered Requirements Analysis
Process Summary
Architecture Synthesis
Introduction to Architecture
Architecture Block Diagramming
Diagramming Fundamentals
Architecture Element Coding
Sheet Cross-Referencing
Alternative Organizational Structures
Implementation Notes and Responsibility
Architecture Crossing Conditions
Reversing Traditional Structured Analysis
Interface Identification and Definition
Introduction to Interface Analysis
Interface Defined
The Interface Dilemma
The Solution
Interface Identification
Intuitive Interface Identification
A Thoroughly Disciplined Method
Identification Work Products
N-Square Diagramming Methods
Schematic Methods
Interface Dictionary
Interface Media and Requirements Definition
Electrical Power Example
Electrical Signal Example
Physical Attachment Example
Fluid Transmission Example
Interface Documentation
Capture in the Requirements Analysis Sheet and Database System
Interface Definition Publication
Interface Responsibility
Program Organization
Three Views of Interface
Interface Responsibility Model
The Special Need for External Interface Development
Specialty Engineering Requirements Analysis
Serial Versus Parallel Work Pattern
The Generic Specialty Engineering Process
Requirements Identification Responsibility Aid
Requirements Capture
Freestyle Approach
Cloning Approach
Question and Answer Approach
The Structured Strategy in Years Gone By
Structured Analysis in the Twenty-First Century
Constraints Integration
Specialty Constraints Communication
Checklist Approach
Individual Person-to-Person
Organized Interaction Meetings
Decision Support
Specialty Design Assessment
Non-Compliance Identification
Non-Compliance Correction
Engineering Specialty Activities Overview
Reliability Engineering
Task 1, Reliability Program Plan
Task 2, Subcontractor and Supplier Control
Task 3, Failure Reporting, Analysis, and Corrective Action System (FRACAS)
Task 4, Failure Review Board (FRB)
Task 5, Reliability Modeling
Task 6, Reliability Allocations
Task 7, Reliability Predictions
Task 8, Failure Modes, Effects, and Criticality Analysis (FMECA)
Task 9, Reliability Critical Items and Critical Item Control Plan
Task 10, Reliability Development, Growth, and Test (RDG&T) Plan
Task 11, Sneak Circuit Analysis
Reliability References
Parts, Materials, and Process Engineering (PMP)
Maintainability Engineering
Task 1, Maintainability Analysis
Task 2, Document Maintainability Requirements and Criteria
Task 3, Maintainability Quantitative Analysis to Assure Requirements Are Met
Task 4, Design Surveillance/Assessment
Task 5, Participate in Design Tradeoff Studies
Task 6, Participate in Design Reviews
Task 7, Subcontractor and Supplier Control
Task 8, Failure Reporting, Analysis, and Corrective Action
Task 9, Conduct Maintainability Demonstration
Maintainability References
Availability
Producibility Engineering
Design to Cost/Life-Cycle Cost (DTC/LCC)
Human Factors Engineering
Corrosion Prevention and Control (CPC)
System Safety Engineering
Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Engineering
System Security Engineering
Mass Properties Engineering
Environmental Impact Engineering
Science Projects and Natural Systems
The Ultimate System Diagram
Give Us the Sense to Know the Difference
Characterizing Reality
Specific Science Development Programs
Environmental Requirements Analysis
Overview
Environmental Categories
Natural Environment (QN)
Self-Induced Environment (QI)
Non-Cooperative Environment (QX)
Hostile Environment (QH)
Cooperative Environment (QC)
Environmental Requirements Models
System Environmental Requirements Analysis
End Item Environmental Requirements
Component Environmental Requirements
Time Analysis
Diagramming Fundamentals
Timeline Diagram Symbols
Variability
Selectivity
Tabular Timelines
Timeline Reporting
Environmental Requirements Capture
Environmental Impact
Functional Analysis Alternatives
Variations Covered
Functional Analysis Variations
Hierarchical Functional Analysis
Enhanced Functional Flow Block Diagramming
Trigger Construct
Multiple Exit Function
Iteration
Loop
Kill Branch
Lateral Data or Commodity Flow
Behavioral Diagramming
IDEF-0
FRAT
State and Event Analysis
State Transition Diagram Analysis
Finite State Machines
Petri Nets
Event Traces, Lists, and Trees
Mathematical Models
Mathematical Equations
Formal Methods
Scenarios, Strings, and Threads Analysis
Scenario Depictions
Icon Flow
Descriptive Text
Strings or Threads
Synthesis of Functional Threads
Process Analysis
Process Fundamentals
Diagramming
Process-Resource Linkage
Process-Environment Linkage
Process Analysis Applications
Generic Enterprise and Program Planning
Generic Process Analysis
Program Specific Process
Continuing Cost and Schedule Requirements Analysis
Program Product-Oriented Processes
Specialty Engineering Integration and Concurrent Engineering
Program Material and Procurement Process Analysis
Program Manufacturing and Quality Process Analysis
Program Verification Process Analysis
Test Planning Analysis (TPA)
Development Test Requirements Analysis
Qualification Test Requirements Analysis
Operational Test Requirements Analysis
Acceptance Test Requirements Analysis
Deployment Planning Analysis (DPA)
System Sustainment Process Analysis
Logistics Support Analysis Overview
LSA Example
Product Operation Analysis
Modification Development
Disposal Analysis
Quality Function Deployment
Introduction to Quality Function Deployment (QFD)
Physical Implementation
A Problem With QFD
Linking QFD with Structured Analysis
Derived Requirements Generator
RAS-Complete and RAS-Centered Analysis
A System Defined
Descriptors of Interest
System Functionality
Performance Requirements Derivation and Allocation
Conventional RAS Limitations
The Beginning of the Complete RAS
System Architecture
Allocation Pacing Alternatives
System Relations
The System Environment
Environmental Relation Algorithm
System Environmental Relations
End Item Service Use Profile
Component Environmental Relations
Specialty Engineering and RAS Complete
Verification Extension
Conclusions
Traditional Structured Analysis Documentation
The Common Failure
SDD Content and Format
Document Main Body
Appendix A, Functional Analysis
Appendix B, System Environment Analysis
Appendix C, System Architecture Analysis
Appendix D, System Interface Analysis
Appendix E, Specialty Engineering Definition Analysis
Appendix F, System Process Analysis
Appendix G, Requirements Analysis Sheet
Recommended Responsibility Pattern
PART 4, COMPUTER SOFTWARE STRUCTURED ANALYSIS
Introduction
Computer Software Development Environment
Software Development Models for Analysis
Model Comparisons
Design and Manufacturing Differences
Software Deficit Disorder
Computer Processing Oriented Analysis
A Little History
Flowcharts and Other Things
Modern Structured Analysis
Hatley-Pirbhai Real-Time Extension
Transform from Models to Software Entities and Their Requirements
Are These Models Appropriate Only for Software?
Data-Oriented Analysis
Data Augmentation of Modern Structured Analysis
Data Lines, Stores, and Dictionaries
Entity Relationship Diagrams
Relational Database Development
Relational Database Development Using Table Normalization
Relational Database Development Using IDEF 1X
Transition to Specification
DoD Architecture Framework
Object-Oriented Analysis
The Early Combined Analysis Techniques
Input-Process-Output (IPO) Analysis
SADT and IDEF-0
Early Object-Oriented Analysis
A Dynamic Beginning
Misplaced Beginnings
The Class and Object Model
The Dynamic Model
The Functional Model
Function-Driven Early OOA
Unified Modeling Language (UML)
Problem Space Entry and Continuation
Dynamic Model Elements
Use Case Diagram
Statechart Diagram
Activity Diagram
Collaboration Diagram
Sequence Diagram
Static Model Elements
Class and Object Diagrams
Component and Deployment Diagrams
Unprecedented Application
Precedented Application
Moving to Specification
System Modeling Using the Dod Architecture Framework
Background
Overview
Framework Products
All Views
Overview and Summary Information (AV-1)
Integrated Dictionary (AV-2)
Operational Architecture Views
High-Level Operational Concept Graphic (OV-1)
Operational Node Connectivity Description (OV-2)
Operational Information Exchange Matrix (OV-3)
Organizational Relationships Chart (OV-4)
Activity Model (OV-5)
Operational Activity Sequence and Timing Descriptions (OV-6)
Operational Rules Model (OV-6a)
Operational State Transition Description (OV-6b)
Operational Event/Trace Description (OV-6c)
Logical Data Model (OV-7)
Systems View
System Interface Description (SV-1)
Systems Communications Description (SV-2)
Systems--Systems Matrix (SV-3)
Systems Functionality Description (SV-4)
Operational Activity to System Function Traceability Matrix (SV-5)
Systems Data Exchange Matrix (SV-6)
Systems Performance Parameters Matrix (SV-7)
Systems Evolution Description (SV-8)
Systems Technology Forecast (SV-9)
System Activity Sequence and Timing Descriptions (SV-10)
Physical Schema (SV-11)
Technical Standards View
Technical Architecture Profile (TV-1)
Standards Technology Forecast (TV-2)
Other Related Efforts
Architecture Product Interrelationships
Operational View Relationships
Systems View Relationships
Operations to Systems View Traceabilities
The Six-Step Architecture Description Process
Determine Intended Use of the Architecture
Determine Architecture Scope, Context, Environment, and Assumptions
Determine What Information the Architecture Description Needs to Capture
Determine Views and Products to Be Built
Build the Requisite Products
Use the Architecture for Its Intended Purpose
Structured Analysis Fusion and Reunification
Functional Flow or Die!
Structured Analysis Boundaries
Multiple Paths
Decomposition Methodology Flexibility
Functional Traceability
Expanding Zigzag
Evolution of the Ultimate Method
Model-Driven Development
PART 5, SPECIFICATION CONTENT STANDARDS
Specification Development Fundamentals
Overview
What Is a Specification?
Specification Format Control
Document Controls
The Case for Uniformity
DoD Specifications under MIL-STD-490A
MIL-STD-490A Specification Types
Type A System/Segment Specification
Type B Development Specifications
Type B1 Prime Item Development Specification
Type B2 Critical Item Development Specification
Type B3 Non-Complex Item Development Specification
Type B4 Facility or Ship Development Specification
Type B5 Software Development Specification
Type C Product Specifications
Type C1 Prime Item Product Specifications
Type C1a Prime Item Product Function Specification
Type C1b Prime Item Product Fabrication Specification
Type C2 Critical Item Product Specifications
Type C2a Critical Item Product Function Specification
Type C2b Critical Item Product Fabrication Specification
Type C3 Non-complex Item Product Fabrication Specification
Type C4 Inventory Item Specification
Type C5 Software Product Specification
Type D Process Specifications
Type E Material Specifications
DoD Specification Forms under MIL-S-83490
Coordinated MIL-STD-490A References
MIL-STD-490A Specification Baselines
Functional Configuration Identification
Allocated Configuration Identification
Product Configuration Identification
MIL-STD-961D Specification Standard
Specification Types
Structure and Content
MIL-STD-961E
Other Requirements Document Types
Coverage of Specifications
General Specification
Detail Specification
One- and Two-Part Specifications
A Strange Specification Format
General Specification Style Guide
Style, Format, and Identification of Military Specifications
Sectional Arrangement of Specifications
Language Style
Primitive Requirement Statement
Capitalization and Spelling
Abbreviations
Symbols
Proprietary Names
Commonly Used Words and Phrasing
Use of ``Shall,'' ``Will,'' ``Should,'' and ``May''
Use of ``Flammable'' and ``Nonflammable''
Paragraph Numbering and Identification
Paragraph Identification
Underlining
Cross-References
Figures, Tables, and Foldouts
Location of Figures in Specification
Preparation of Figures
Location of Tables in Specifications
Preparation of Tables
Foldouts
Footnotes
Footnotes to Text
Footnotes to Tables and Figures
Contractual and Administrative Requirements
Definitions in Specifications
References to Other Documents
Limitation on References
Security Marking of Specifications
Identification of Specifications
Titling the Specification
Specification Content Guidance
MIL-STD-490A Content Standard
Section 1: Scope
Scope
Classification
Section 2: Applicable Documents
Kinds of Documents Referenced
Government Documents
Non-Government Documents
Listing of References
Government Documents
Nongovernment Documents
Section 3: Requirements
Definition (Paragraph 3.1)
Characteristics (Paragraph 3.2)
Performance Characteristics
Physical Characteristics
Reliability
Maintainability
Environmental Conditions
Environmental Conditions Transportability
Design and Construction (Paragraph 3.3)
Materials
Materials: Toxic Products and Formulations
Electromagnetic Radiation
Nameplates or Product Markings
Workmanship
Interchangeability
Safety
Human Engineering
Documentation (Paragraph 3.4)
Logistics (Paragraph 3.5)
Personnel and Training (Paragraph 3.6)
Characteristics of Subordinate Elements (Paragraph 3.7)
Precedence (Paragraph 3.8)
Qualification (Paragraph 3.9)
Section 4: Quality Assurance Provisions
General
Responsibility for Inspection
Special Tests and Examinations
Quality Conformance Inspections
Section 5: Preparation for Delivery
General
Detailed Preparation
Preservation and Packaging
Packing
Marking for Shipment
Section 6: Notes
Intended Use
Ordering Data
Instructions for Models and Samples
Qualification Provisions
Cross-Reference of Classifications
Miscellaneous Notes
Appendix and Index
Appendix Numbering
Scope
Headings
References
Index
MIL-STD-961D Content Standard
MIL-STD-961E Content Standard Delta
Software Specification Standards
Military Standards
Software System Specification
Software Requirements Specification (SRS)
Software Product Specification (SPS)
Interface Requirements Specification (IRS)
Commercial Standards
A Standard For the Ultimate Simplicity
An Updated Content Standard
Applicable Documents Analysis
Introduction to Applicable Documents
Applicable Documents Defined
Bidirectional Tailoring
Document Tailoring
Applicable Document Levels
DoD Policy Changes
Definitions
Initiation of the Program-Applicable Documents List
An Enterprise-Applicable Documents List (EADL)
Applicable Document Assessment Sources
Detailed Process Description
Create and Maintain Program-Applicable Document List, F3131
Coordinate Tailoring Capture, F3132
Maintain EADL
Compare Requirements, F3134
Study Conversion Difficulty, F3135
Assemble Specifications Baseline Report, F3136
Coordinate Supplier Compliance, F3137
Accept New Requirement, F3138
Tailor Company Standards, F3139
Reject or Offer Alternative Document, F313A
Assess Customer Needs and Attitudes, F313B
Tailor Applicable Document, F313C
Study Impact of Compliance, F313D
Mark Up SOW and Top-Level Specification, F313E
Change Company Practice for Program Use, F313F
Assemble and Review Assessment Recommendations, F313G
Review Assessment Report, F313H
Negotiate With Customer, F3131
Team Tailoring
System Engineering Standards Relating to Requirements Analysis
Part II Specifications
The Part Situation
Specification Timing
Military Standards
Part II Specification Content Development
Outline Suggestion
Content Development Techniques
PART 6, REQUIREMENTS MANAGEMENT
Process Overview from a Management Perspective
Introduction
Overview
Total Quality Management
Buzzwords Forever
Program Preparation
Resource Overview
Specification Templates
Analytical Models
Model/Template Maps
Planned Writing Responsibilities
Preparation for Structured Analysis Work Product Capture
Applicable Document Action
Teaming Planning
Program Specification Library
Library Initiation
PSL Variations
Security
Availability
PSL Finances
Specification Standards Loading
Requirements Database Interface
Data Ownership
Program Implementation
Program Specifications Plan
Program-Unique Document Identification
Responsibility Assignment
Specification Scheduling and Statusing
Specification Baseline Identification
Baseline Definition Documentation
The Physical Baseline
Electronic Specification Library
Specification Change Management
Program Specification Standards Preparation
Responsibility and Content
Standards Availability
Multiple Standards Levels
Specification Tree Development
Principal Engineer Selection, Assignment, and Training
Program Specification Development Methods
Modularization of the Schedule
Regulating the Plunge
Selective Requirements Development
Requirements Risk Management
Process Controls
IPPT Meeting Structure
Requirements Traceability Audit
Status Tracking
Integration and Optimization Activity
Tailoring the Development Intensity
Development Data Package Concept
Program Closeout
Requirements Risk Management
Validation and Risk
The Validation Time Span
Avoiding a Null Solution Space
Validation Process Description
Overview
Initial Screening of the Requirements for Validation
Validation Intensity Selection
Formal Requirements Validation Management
Validation Through Risk Management
Technical Performance Measurement
Requirements Maturation Control
Validation Responsibility and Leadership
Validation Expectations
Requirements Necessity and Completeness
Requirements Value Credibility
Synthesizability
Validation Methods
Development Evaluation Testing (DET)
Analysis
Technology Demonstration
Examination
Combined Methods
Validation by Review
Product Representations
The Many Views of the Product
Representation Identification
Representation Management
Representations Documentation
Closing the Loop on Representations
Whole Program Phases
Requirements Value Management
Requirements Value Determination
TBD/TBR Management
Margin Management
Cost Margins
Schedule Margins
Characteristics Margins
Margin Consumption
Budgets
Requirements Integration
Who's in Charge?
Item Process View
Aggregate Requirements Integration
Requirements Set Attributes
Consistency
Completeness
Minimized
Uniqueness
Balance
Individual Requirements Attributes
Traceability
Correctness of Style
Singleness of Purpose
Quantification
Verifiability
Unambiguity
Good Judgment and Good Sense
Margin Check
TPM Status Check
Specification Format Check
Engineering Specialty Integration Overview
Interface Requirements Analysis Integration
Environmental Requirements Analysis Integration
Process Requirements Integration
Interface Requirements Management
Internal Interface Control
Subcontractor Interface Control
Associate Contractors
Formal Contractual Coverage
Principal Integrating Contractor, SE&I Contractor, and IV&V
Interface Control Working Group (ICWG)
Interface Control Document Control
Interface Integration Responsibility
Interface Audit
Some Nonstandard Interface Concepts
Requirements Verification Management
The Three-Step Process
The V Words
Verification Classes
Verification Methods
Test
Analysis
Demonstration
Examination
Other Methods
Similarity
Simulation
Qualification Verification
Verification Requirements
Verification Plans and Procedures
Verification Implementation, Reports, and Audits
Acceptance Verification
System Test and Evaluation Verification
Management Matrices
Specification Development, Review, and Approval
Specification Development Controls
The Specification Tree
Responsibility Assignment
Process Controls
Specification Publishing
Formal Review Process
Peer Review
Specification Archiving, Distribution, and Access
Paper Methods
Networked Library
Web Page Library
Specification Change Management
Changes
Specification Change Notice
Proposed SCN
Approved SCN
Changed Pages
Change Numbering
Identification and Numbering of Changed Pages
Revisions
The Special Case of Interface Requirements Documentation
A Profusion of Document Names
Conditions of Use
Living and Dying Documents
Interface Definition and Document Organization
Interface Terminals and Media
System Environmental Interfaces
Transforming Lines into Requirements
Document Organization
Hardware ICD
Software Interface Requirements Specification MIL-STD 498
Mixed ICD
Electronic Style Guide
Documents of the Past
Database-Generated Specifications
The End of the Paper Specification
PART 7, COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
The Computer Tool Infrastructure
Why Have We Waited So Long?
Evolution of Methods
The Computer Tool Environment
Requirements and Specifications Electronic Environment
Networking and Workgroup Computing
A Basic Requirements Database
Traceability Hooks
Verification Tracking Tool
Requirements Management Data Fields
External Model Hooks
Traceability to Process
Data Integrity
Computer Tools for Requirements Analysis
A Little history
Buy or Build
Available Tools and Their Features
CORE
DOORS
RDD-100
SLATE
RTM
Other Requirements Tools
Software Modeling Tools
Features not Generally Supported
Design Constraints Identification
Tool Linkage
Primitive Capture and Numerical Content
Implementation Suggestions
Overcoming Use Difficulties
Networking
PART 8, CLOSING
Where Have We Been?
What Is the Essence of Our Story?
Teamwork and Concurrency
Development Directionality
Multiple Requirements Analysis Strategies
Demand-Driven Requirements Analysis
Progressive Requirements Writing
The Computers are Coming!
Overcoming Impediments to SRA Success
Acronyms
Index
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