【内容简介】
PWM DC-DC power converter technology underpins many energy conversion systems including renewable energy circuits, active power factor correctors, battery chargers, portable devices and LED drivers.
Following the success of Pulse-Width Modulated DC-DC Power Convertersthis second edition has been thoroughly revised and expanded to cover the latest challenges and advances in the field.
Key features of 2nd edition:
- Four new chapters, detailing the latest advances in power conversion, focus on: small-signal model and dynamic characteristics of the buck converter in continuous conduction mode; voltage-mode control of buck converter; small-signal model and characteristics of the boost converter in the discontinuous conduction mode and electromagnetic compatibility EMC.
- Provides readers with a solid understanding of the principles of operation, synthesis, analysis and design of PWM power converters and semiconductor power devices, including wide band-gap power devices (SiC and GaN).
- Fully revised Solutions for all end-of-chapter problems available to instructors via the book companion website.
- Step-by-step derivation of closed-form design equations with illustrations.
- Fully revised figures based on real data.
With improved end-of-chapter summaries of key concepts, review questions, problems and answers, biographies and case studies, this is an essential textbook for graduate and senior undergraduate students in electrical engineering. Its superior readability and clarity of explanations also makes it a key reference for practicing engineers and research scientists.
【目录】
Preface xxiii
Nomenclature xxv
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Classification of Power Supplies 1
1.2 Basic Functions of Voltage Regulators 3
1.3 Power Relationships in DC–DC Converters 4
1.4 DC Transfer Functions of DC–DC Converters 5
1.5 Static Characteristics of DC Voltage Regulators 6
1.6 Dynamic Characteristics of DC Voltage Regulators 9
1.7 Linear Voltage Regulators 12
1.8 Topologies of PWM DC–DC Converters 16
1.9 Relationships Among Current, Voltage, Energy, and Power 18
1.10 Summary 19
References 19
Review Questions 20
Problems 21
2 Buck PWM DC–DC Converter 22
2.1 Introduction 22
2.2 DC Analysis of PWM Buck Converter for CCM 22
2.3 DC Analysis of PWM Buck Converter for DCM 52
2.4 Buck Converter with Input Filter 68
2.5 Buck Converter with Synchronous Rectifier 68
2.6 Buck Converter with Positive Common Rail 76
2.7 Quadratic Buck Converter 76
2.8 Tapped-Inductor Buck Converters 79
2.9 Multiphase Buck Converter 83
2.10 Switched-Inductor Buck Converter 85
2.11 Layout 85
2.12 Summary 85
References 87
Review Questions 88
Problems 88
3 Boost PWM DC–DC Converter 90
3.1 Introduction 90
3.2 DC Analysis of PWM Boost Converter for CCM 90
3.3 DC Analysis of PWM Boost Converter for DCM 107
3.4 Bidirectional Buck and Boost Converters 127
3.5 Synchronous Boost Converter 129
3.6 Tapped-Inductor Boost Converters 129
3.7 Duality 133
3.8 Power Factor Correction 134
3.9 Summary 141
References 142
Review Questions 143
Problems 143
4 Buck–Boost PWM DC–DC Converter 145
4.1 Introduction 145
4.2 DC Analysis of PWM Buck–Boost Converter for CCM 145
4.3 DC Analysis of PWM Buck–Boost Converter for DCM 162
4.4 Bidirectional Buck–Boost Converter 180
4.5 Synthesis of Buck–Boost Converter 181
4.6 Synthesis of Boost–Buck (C´ uk) Converter 183
4.7 Noninverting Buck–Boost Converters 184
4.8 Tapped-Inductor Buck–Boost Converters 186
4.9 Summary 192
References 192
Review Questions 193
Problems 193
5 Flyback PWM DC–DC Converter 195
5.1 Introduction 195
5.2 Transformers 196
5.3 DC Analysis of PWM Flyback Converter for CCM 197
5.4 DC Analysis of PWM Flyback Converter for DCM 214
5.5 Multiple-Output Flyback Converter 232
5.6 Bidirectional Flyback Converter 237
5.7 Ringing in Flyback Converter 237
5.8 Flyback Converter with Passive Dissipative Snubber 240
5.9 Flyback Converter with Zener Diode Voltage Clamp 240
5.10 Flyback Converter with Active Clamping 241
5.11 Two-Transistor Flyback Converter 241
5.12 Summary 243
References 244
Review Questions 244
Problems 245
6 Forward PWM DC–DC Converter 246
6.1 Introduction 246
6.2 DC Analysis of PWM Forward Converter for CCM 246
6.3 DC Analysis of PWM Forward Converter for DCM 269
6.4 Multiple-Output Forward Converter 288
6.5 Forward Converter with Synchronous Rectifier 288
6.6 Forward Converters with Active Clamping 288
6.7 Two-Switch Forward Converter 290
6.8 Forward–Flyback Converter 291
6.9 Summary 292
References 293
Review Questions 293
Problems 294
7 Half-Bridge PWM DC–DC Converter 296
7.1 Introduction 296
7.2 DC Analysis of PWM Half-Bridge Converter for CCM 296
7.3 DC Analysis of PWM Half-Bridge Converter for DCM 315
7.4 Summary 326
References 327
Review Questions 327
Problems 328
8 Full-Bridge PWM DC–DC Converter 330
8.1 Introduction 330
8.2 DC Analysis of PWM Full-Bridge Converter for CCM 330
8.3 DC Analysis of PWM Full-Bridge Converter for DCM 351
8.4 Phase-Controlled Full-Bridge Converter 361
8.5 Summary 362
References 362
Review Questions 362
Problems 363
9 Small-Signal Models of PWM Converters for CCM and DCM 365
9.1 Introduction 365
9.2 Assumptions 366
9.3 Averaged Model of Ideal Switching Network for CCM 366
9.4 Averaged Values of Switched Resistances 369
9.5 Model Reduction 375
9.6 Large-Signal Averaged Model for CCM 377
9.7 DC and Small-Signal Circuit Linear Models of Switching Network for CCM 381
9.8 Block Diagram of Small-signal Model of PWM DC–DC Converters 385
9.9 Family of PWM Converter Models for CCM 386
9.10 PWM Small-Signal Switch Model for CCM 389
9.11 Modeling of Ideal Switching Network for DCM 391
9.12 Averaged Parasitic Resistances for DCM 398
9.13 Summary 400
References 402
Review Questions 405
Problems 405
10 Small-Signal Characteristics of Buck Converter for CCM 407
10.1 Introduction 407
10.2 Small-Signal Model of the PWM Buck Converter 407
10.3 Open-Loop Transfer Functions 408
10.4 Open-Loop Step Responses 426
10.5 Open-Loop DC Transfer Functions 434
10.6 Summary 436
References 436
Review Questions 437
Problems 438
11 Small-Signal Characteristics of Boost Converter for CCM 439
11.1 Introduction 439
11.2 DC Characteristics 439
11.3 Open-Loop Control-to-Output Transfer Function 440
11.4 Delay in Open-Loop Control-to-Output Transfer Function 449
11.5 Open-Loop Audio Susceptibility 451
11.6 Open-Loop Input Impedance 455
11.7 Open-Loop Output Impedance 457
11.8 Open-Loop Step Responses 461
11.9 Summary 467
References 467
Review Questions 468
Problems 468
12 Voltage-Mode Control of PWM Buck Converter 470
12.1 Introduction 470
12.2 Properties of Negative Feedback 471
12.3 Stability 474
12.4 Single-Loop Control of PWM Buck Converter 475
12.5 Closed-Loop Small-Signal Model of Buck Converter 478
12.6 Pulse-Width Modulator 478
12.7 Feedback Network 483
12.8 Transfer Function of Buck Converter with Modulator and Feedback Network 486
12.9 Control Circuits 489
12.10 Closed-Loop Step Responses 511
12.11 Summary 518
References 519
Review Questions 519
Problems 520
13 Voltage-Mode Control of Boost Converter 521
13.1 Introduction 521
13.2 Circuit of Boost Converter with Voltage-Mode Control 521
13.3 Transfer Function of Modulator, Boost Converter Power Stage, and Feedback Network 523
13.4 Integral-Double-Lead Controller 527
13.5 Design of Integral-Double-Lead Controller 532
13.6 Loop Gain 536
13.7 Closed-Loop Control-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function 537
13.8 Closed-Loop Audio Susceptibility 539
13.9 Closed-Loop Input Impedance 539
13.10 Closed-Loop Output Impedance 542
13.11 Closed-Loop Step Responses 544
13.12 Closed-Loop DC Transfer Functions 549
13.13 Summary 552
References 552
Review Questions 552
Problems 553
14 Current-Mode Control 554
14.1 Introduction 554
14.2 Principle of Operation of PWM Converters with Peak CMC 555
14.3 Relationship Between Duty Cycle and Inductor-Current Slopes 559
14.4 Instability of Closed-Current Loop 560
14.5 Slope Compensation 564
14.6 Sample-and-Hold Effect on Current Loop 570
14.7 Closed-Loop Control Voltage-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function in s-Domain 580
14.8 Loop Gain of Current Loop 588
14.9 Gain-Crossover Frequency of Inner Loop 595
14.10 Phase Margin of Inner Loop 596
14.11 Maximum Duty Cycle for Converters Without Slope Compensation 598
14.12 Maximum Duty Cycle for Converters with Slope Compensation 600
14.13 Minimum Slope Compensation for Buck and Buck–Boost Converter 605
14.14 Minimum Slope Compensation for Boost Converter 607
14.15 Error Voltage-to-Duty Cycle Transfer Function 610
14.16 Closed-Loop Control Voltage-to-Duty Cycle Transfer Function of Current Loop 614
14.17 Alternative Representation of Current Loop 618
14.18 Current Loop with Disturbances 618
14.19 Voltage Loop of PWM Converters with Current-Mode Control 624
14.20 Feedforward Gains in PWM Converters with Current-Mode Control without Slope Compensation 631
14.21 Feedforward Gains in PWM Converters with Current-Mode Control and Slope Compensation 634
14.22 Control-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function of Inner Loop with Feedforward Gains 636
14.23 Audio-Susceptibility of Inner Loop with Feedforward Gains 637
14.24 Closed-Loop Transfer Functions with Feedforward Gains 638
14.25 Slope Compensation by Adding a Ramp to Inductor Current Waveform 638
14.26 Relationships for Constant-Frequency Current-Mode On-Time Control 639
14.27 Summary 639
References 640
Review Questions 644
Problems 644
14.28 Appendix: Sample-and-Hold Modeling 645
15 Current-Mode Control of Boost Converter 653
15.1 Introduction 653
15.2 Open-Loop Small-Signal Transfer Functions 653
15.3 Open-Loop Step Responses of Inductor Current 667
15.4 Closed-Current-Loop Transfer Functions 675
15.5 Closed-Voltage-Loop Transfer Functions 695
15.6 Closed-Loop Step Responses 706
15.7 Closed-Loop DC Transfer Functions 710
15.8 Summary 711
References 711
Review Questions 712
Problems 712
16 Open-Loop Small-Signal Characteristics of PWM Boost Converter for DCM 713
16.1 Introduction 713
16.2 Small-Signal Model of Boost Converter for DCM 713
16.3 Open-Loop Control-to-Output Transfer Function 716
16.4 Open-Loop Input-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function 719
16.5 Open-Loop Input Impedance 724
16.6 Open-Loop Output Impedance 725
16.7 Step Responses of Output Voltage of Boost Converter for DCM 728
16.8 Open-Loop Duty Cycle-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function 731
16.9 Open-Loop Input Voltage-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function 735
16.10 Open-Loop Output Current-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function 735
16.11 Step Responses of Inductor Current of Boost Converter for DCM 738
16.12 DC Characteristics of Boost Converter for DCM 742
16.13 Summary 745
References 745
Review Questions 746
Problems 746
17 Silicon and Silicon-Carbide Power Diodes 747
17.1 Introduction 747
17.2 Electronic Power Switches 747
17.3 Atom 748
17.4 Electron and Hole Effective Mass 749
17.5 Semiconductors 750
17.6 Intrinsic Semiconductors 751
17.7 Extrinsic Semiconductors 756
17.8 Wide Band Gap Semiconductors 762
17.9 Physical Structure of Junction Diodes 764
17.10 Static I–V Diode Characteristic 768
17.11 Breakdown Voltage of Junction Diodes 772
17.12 Capacitances of Junction Diodes 784
17.13 Reverse Recovery of pn Junction Diodes 789
17.14 Schottky Diodes 798
17.15 Solar Cells 806
17.16 Light-Emitting Diodes 809
17.17 SPICE Model of Diodes 810
17.18 Summary 811
References 815
Review Questions 816
Problems 817
18 Silicon and Silicon-Carbide Power MOSFETs 819
18.1 Introduction 819
18.2 Integrated MOSFETs 819
18.3 Physical Structure of Power MOSFETs 819
18.4 Principle of Operation of Power MOSFETs 824
18.5 Derivation of Power MOSFET Characteristics 826
18.6 Power MOSFET Characteristics 831
18.7 Mobility of Charge Carriers 833
18.8 Short-Channel Effects 846
18.9 Aspect Ratio of Power MOSFETs 848
18.10 Breakdown Voltage of Power MOSFETs 850
18.11 Gate Oxide Breakdown Voltage of Power MOSFETs 852
18.12 Specific On-Resistance 852
18.13 Figures-of-Merit of Semiconductors 855
18.14 On-Resistance of Power MOSFETs 857
18.15 Capacitances of Power MOSFETs 862
18.16 Switching Waveforms 875
18.17 SPICE Model of Power MOSFETs 877
18.18 IGBTs 879
18.19 Heat Sinks 880
18.20 Summary 886
References 888
Review Questions 888
Problems 889
19 Electromagnetic Compatibility 891
19.1 Introduction 891
19.2 Definition of EMI 891
19.3 Definition of EMC 892
19.4 EMI Immunity 892
19.5 EMI Susceptibility 893
19.6 Classification of EMI 893
19.7 Sources of EMI 895
19.8 Safety Standards 896
19.9 EMC Standards 896
19.10 Near Field and Far Field 897
19.11 Techniques of EMI Reduction 897
19.12 Insertion Loss 898
19.13 EMI Filters 898
19.14 Feed-Through Capacitors 900
19.15 EMI Shielding 900
19.16 Interconnections 902
19.17 Summary 903
References 903
Review Questions 903
Problem 904
A Introduction to SPICE 907
B Introduction to MATLAB® 910
C Physical Constants 915
Answers to Problems 917
Index 925