The integration of renewable energy resources into the electricity grid presents an important challenge. This book provides a review and analysis of the technical and policy options available for managing variable energy resources such as wind and solar power. As well as being of value to government and industry policy-makers and planners, the volume also provides a single source for scientists and engineers of the technical knowledge gained during the 4-year RenewElec (renewable electricity) project at Carnegie Mellon University, the University of Vermont, Vermont Law School, and the Van Ness Feldman environmental law firm.

The first part of the book discusses the options for large scale integration of variable electric power generation, including issues of predictability, variability, and efficiency. The second part presents the scientific findings of the project. In the final part, the authors undertake a critical review of major quantitative regional and national wind integration studies in the United States. Based on comparisons among these studies, they suggest areas where improvements in methods are warranted in future studies, areas where additional research is needed to facilitate future improvements in wind integration studies and how the research can be put into practice.

[目录]

Executive Summary 

1. Overview 

2. Variability and its Prediction 

3. Strategies to Reduce or Manage Wind and Solar Variability 

4. Improved Planning for Renewable Energy Capacity Expansion 

5. New Regulations, Rate Structures, and Standards to Support Variable Energy Resources 

6. Policies to Manage Variable Generation at Increased Renewable Contribution 

7. The Social Costs and Benefits of Wind Energy: Case Study in the PJM Interconnection 

8. Characteristics of Wind, Solar Photovoltaic, and Solar Thermal Power 

9. Forecast Error Characteristics of Wind and of Load 

10. Day-Ahead Wind Reserve Requirements 

11. Year-To-Year Variability in Wind Power 

12. Reduction of Wind Power Variability through Geographic Diversity 

13. Cycling and Ramping of Fossil Plants, and Reduced Energy Payments 

14. Storage to Smooth Variability 

A. Small-Scale Storage 

B. Economics of Grid Storage: 

15. The Cost-Effectiveness of Dynamically Limiting Wind Turbines for Secondary Frequency Regulation Capacity 

16. Quantifying the Hurricane Risk to Offshore Wind Power 

17. A Critical Review of Large-Scale Wind Integration Studies in the United States