Energy storage devices are a crucial area of research and development across many engineering disciplines and industries. While batteries provide the significant advantage of high energy density, their limited life cycles, disposal challenges and charge and discharge management constraints undercut their effectiveness in certain applications. Compared to electrochemical cells, supercapacitors are charge-storage devices with much longer life cycles, yet they have traditionally been hobbled by limited DC voltage capabilities and energy density. However, recent advances are improving these issues. This book provides the opportunity to expand your knowledge of innovative supercapacitor applications, comparing them to other commonly used energy storage devices. It will strengthen your understanding of energy storage from a practical, applications-based point-of-view, without requiring detailed examination of underlying electrochemical equations. No matter what your field, you will find inspiration and guidance in the cutting-edge advances in energy storage devices in this book.* Provides explanations of the latest energy storage devices in a practical applications-based context * Includes examples of circuit designs that optimize the use of supercapacitors, and pathways to improve existing designs by effectively managing energy storage devices crucial to both low and high power applications.* Covers batteries, BMS (battery management systems) and cutting-edge advances in supercapacitors, providing a unique compare and contrast examination demonstrating applications where each technology can offer unique benefits
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiii
1 Energy storage devices---a general 1 (28)
overview
1.1 Introduction 1 (1)
1.2 Simple fundamentals 2 (7)
1.3 Energy storage in electrical systems 9 (11)
1.4 Compressed air energy storage 20 (1)
1.5 Superconductive magnetic energy 21 (1)
storage
1.6 Rapid energy transfer requirements 21 (4)
and fundamental circuit issues
1.7 Technical specifications of ESDs 25 (1)
1.8 Ragone plot 26 (3)
References 27 (1)
Bibliography 28 (1)
2 Rechargeable battery technologies: an 29 (34)
electronic engineer's view point
2.1 Introduction 29 (1)
2.2 Battery terminology and fundamentals 30 (6)
2.3 Battery technologies: an overview 36 (3)
2.4 Lead-acid batteries 39 (6)
2.5 Nickel-cadmium batteries 45 (4)
2.6 Nickel metal hydride batteries 49 (2)
2.7 Lithium-based rechargeable batteries 51 (4)
2.8 Reusable alkaline batteries 55 (1)
2.9 Zn-air batteries 56 (7)
References 59 (4)
3 Dynamics, models, and management of 63 (74)
rechargeable batteries
3.1 Introduction 63 (1)
3.2 Simplest concept of a battery 63 (1)
3.3 Battery dynamics 64 (8)
3.4 Electrochemical impedance 72 (4)
spectroscopy for batteries
3.5 Battery equivalent circuit models and 76 (21)
modeling techniques
3.6 Battery management in practical 97 (10)
applications
3.7 Prognostics in battery health 107 (4)
management
3.8 Fast charging of batteries 111 (11)
3.9 Battery communication and related 122 (1)
standards
3.10 Battery safety 123 (14)
References 130 (5)
Bibliography 135 (2)
4 Capacitors as energy storage 137 (12)
devices---simple basics to current
commercial families
Kosala Gunawardane
4.1 Capacitor fundamentals 137 (5)
4.2 Capacitor types and their properties 142 (5)
4.3 Ragone plot 147 (2)
References 148 (1)
5 Electrical double-layer capacitors: 149 (38)
fundamentals, characteristics, and
equivalent circuits
Jayathu Fernando
5.1 Introduction 149 (1)
5.2 Historical background 149 (2)
5.3 Electrical double-layer effect and 151 (13)
device construction
5.4 Pseudocapacitance and pseudocapacitors 164 (1)
5.5 Hybridization of electrochemical 165 (3)
capacitors and rechargeable batteries
5.6 Modeling and equivalent circuits 168 (4)
5.7 Testing of devices and 172 (6)
characterization
5.8 Modules and voltage balancing 178 (9)
References 182 (5)
6 Supercapacitor as a lossless dropper in 187 (40)
DC-DC converters
Kosala Gunawardane
6.1 Introduction 187 (1)
6.2 DC-DC converters and DC power 188 (8)
management
6.3 Supercapacitor assisted low dropout 196 (3)
regulator (SCALDO) technique
6.4 Generalized SCALDO concept 199 (3)
6.5 Practical examples 202 (2)
6.6 SCALDO implementation examples 204 (15)
6.7 Wider applications of SCALDO technique 219 (2)
6.8 Comparison between SCALDO regulators 221 (6)
and charge pumps
References 223 (4)
7 Supercapacitors for surge absorption 227 (18)
7.1 Introduction 227 (1)
7.2 Lightning and inductive energy dumps 227 (4)
in electric circuits and typical surge
absorber techniques
7.3 Supercapacitor as a surge absorption 231 (6)
device: summarized results of a
preliminary investigation
7.4 Design approaches to a 237 (6)
supercapacitor-based surge protector
7.5 Conclusion 243 (2)
References 243 (2)
8 Supercapacitors in a rapid heat transfer 245 (12)
application
8.1 Introduction 245 (1)
8.2 Problem of wasted water in day-to-day 245 (1)
situations at home
8.3 Problem of traditional heating from 246 (1)
direct AC mains supply and heating system
specifications
8.4 Commercial solutions for eliminating 246 (1)
water wastage due to storage in buried
plumbing
8.5 Practical requirements for a 247 (1)
localized solution
8.6 SC-based solution with prestored 248 (3)
energy
8.7 Results from an ongoing prototype 251 (2)
development exercise
8.8 Specific advantages of SC energy 253 (1)
storage
8.9 Implementation challenges 254 (3)
References 254 (3)
Appendix A Capacitors and AC line filtering 257 (6)
Index 263
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