Energy storage is a main component of any holistic consideration of smart grids, particularly when incorporating power derived from variable, distributed and renewable energy resources. Energy Storage for Smart Grids delves into detailed coverage of the entire spectrum of available and emerging storage technologies, presented in the context of economic and practical considerations. Featuring the latest research findings from the world's foremost energy storage experts, complete with data analysis, field tests, and simulation results, this book helps device manufacturers develop robust business cases for the inclusion of storage in grid applications. It also provides the comparisons and explanations grid planners and operators need to make informed decisions about which storage solutions will be most successful when implemented in operational grids. * Connects the latest research findings in energy storage with strategies for economical and practical implementation in grid systems* Brings together diverse knowledge resources in one comprehensive volume covering all major storage technologies, explained by experts from the world's leading research institutions* Includes detailed data analysis from field tests and simulations to help planners and engineers choose the storage method that will add the most value to their grid operations
Contributors ix
Preface xi
1 Energy Storage for Mitigating the 1 (34)
Variability of Renewable Electricity Sources
Marc Beaudin
Hamidreza Zareipour
Anthony Schellenberg
William Rosehart
1 Introduction 1 (1)
2 An Overview of Variable Renewable 2 (2)
Electricity Sources
3 Electric Energy-Storage Applications 4 (14)
and Technologies
4 Discussion 18 (8)
5 Conclusion 26 (9)
Acknowledgments 27 (1)
References 27 (8)
2 Assessment of Revenue Potentials of 35 (32)
Ancillary Service Provision by Flexible
Unit Portfolios
Stephan Koch
1 Introduction and Literature Review 35 (1)
2 Aggregators in Electricity Markets 36 (3)
3 Modeling of Revenue Potential 39 (4)
4 Simulation Study 43 (11)
5 Profit-Sharing Methodology 54 (11)
6 Concluding Remarks 65 (2)
References 65 (2)
3 Potential of Sodium-Sulfur Battery Energy 67 (30)
Storage to Enable Further Integration of
Wind
Saurabh Tewari
1 Introduction 67 (2)
2 Energy Storage as an Alternative 69 (1)
3 Sodium-Sulfur Battery Energy Storage 70 (4)
4 Generation Shifting 74 (11)
5 Ramp-Rate Limiting 85 (6)
6 Integrating Generation Shifting and 91 (2)
Ramp-Rate Limiting
7 Concluding Remarks 93 (4)
Acknowledgments 93 (1)
References 94 (3)
4 Application of Energy Storage for Fast 97 (18)
Regulation Service in Energy Market
Pengwei Du
1 Introduction 97 (2)
2 Overview of Secondary Regulation Control 99 (4)
3 Procurement of Regulation Services and 103(2)
Compensation
4 Market-Clearance Processing: PJM as an 105(2)
Example
5 Fast-Regulation Service -- ERCOT as an 107(4)
Example
6 Summary 111(4)
Acknowledgments 112(1)
References 112(3)
5 Impact of Energy Storage on Cascade 115(56)
Mitigation in Multi-Energy Systems
Mads R. Almassalkhi
Ian A. Hiskens
1 Introduction 115(4)
2 Basic Concepts and Definitions 119(5)
3 System Considerations 124(12)
4 Bi-Level Cascade-Mitigation Framework 136(2)
5 Multi-Energy Cascade Mitigation 138(9)
6 Cascade Mitigation in Electric-Power 147(19)
Systems
7 Summary 166(5)
References 167(4)
6 Incorporating Short-Term Stored Energy 171(30)
Resource into MISO Energy and Ancillary
Service Market and Development of
Performance-Based Regulation Payment
Yonghong Chen
Marc Keyser
Matthew H. Tackett
Ryan Leonard
Joe Gardner
1 Introduction 171(2)
2 Market-Product Qualification and 173(8)
Market-Clearing Price on Short-Term SER
3 Real-Time Dispatch 181(7)
4 Day-Ahead and Reliability Assessment 188(1)
Commitment Dispatch
5 AGC Deployment 189(5)
6 Implementing Performance-based 194(3)
Regulation Compensation
7 Conclusion 197(4)
References 198(3)
7 Day-Ahead and Real-Time Markets 201(28)
Simulation Methodology on Hydro Storage
Yang Gu
Jordan Bakke
James McCalley
1 Introduction 201(2)
2 Hydro-System Model 203(2)
3 Hydro-Unit Performance Curve 205(1)
4 Value of Water in Storage Curve 206(2)
5 Simulation Methodology 208(4)
6 DA/RT Interleave Method 212(5)
7 Implementation 217(8)
8 Conclusions 225(4)
Appendix 225(1)
References 226(3)
8 Power-System Reliability Impact of 229(20)
Energy-Storage Integration with
Intelligent-Operation Strategy
Yixing Xu
1 Introduction 229(1)
2 Energy-Storage Operation Strategy in a 230(7)
Distribution System
3 Energy-Storage Coordination 237(2)
4 Reliability-Evaluation Framework 239(3)
5 Case Study 242(3)
6 Conclusion 245(4)
Nomenclature 246(1)
References 246(3)
9 Electric Vehicles as Energy Storage: V2G 249(28)
Capacity Estimation
K. Nandha Kumar
B. Sivaneasan
K.T. Tan
J.S. Ren
P.L. So
1 Introduction 249(1)
2 Availability and Nature of 250(5)
Intermittency of Solar-Photovoltaic and
Wind-Energy Systems
3 EV Charge-Scheduling Algorithm 255(7)
4 V2G Capacity-Estimation Method 262(4)
5 Case Study 266(11)
Nomenclature 273(1)
Reference 274(3)
10 Decentralized Energy Storage in 277(18)
Residential Feeders with Photovoltaics
Francesco Marra
Guangya Yang
1 PV Generation in the Power System 277(1)
2 PV Integration -- Benefits and 278(3)
Challenges
3 Storage-Strategy Working Principle 281(2)
4 Energy Management in Houses with PV 283(4)
5 Application of Decentralized Energy 287(4)
Storage
6 ESS Battery Lifetime with Decentralized 291(1)
Storage
7 Conclusion 292(3)
References 294(1)
11 Operation of Independent Large-Scale 295(26)
Battery-Storage Systems in Energy and
Reserve Markets
Hossein Akhavan-Hejazi
Hamed Mohsenian-Rad
1 Introduction 295(2)
2 Problem Formulation 297(5)
3 Solution Methods 302(6)
4 Numerical Results 308(9)
5 Conclusions 317(4)
Appendix 317(1)
Nomenclature 318(1)
References 319(2)
Index 321
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