Energy and Society: An Introduction, Second Edition provides readers with a detailed introduction to energy sources and energy utilization. This book presents an overview of alternative energy issues and technologies, discusses the pros and cons of various energy sources, and explores their impacts on society and the environment. What's New in the Second Edition: This second edition offers simple updates, as well as completely rewritten material, regarding the last decade in areas including global climate change, oil prices, renewable and alternative fuels, and diversion of civil nuclear energy programs into nuclear weapons proliferation. It covers the development of energy technology from the time of early humans through antiquity, medieval times, and the Industrial Revolution. It also addresses the development of nuclear energy, energy supply and demand, geopolitics of energy, and the various environmental issues associated with energy use. * Keeps mathematics to a minimum, making the book usable for a variety of academic majors * Includes up-to-date coverage of all new energy sources * Traces the development and utilization of energy throughout history Energy and Society: An Introduction, Second Edition can benefit undergraduate students taking a survey course in engineering, as well as professionals in the energy supply, energy planning, or environmental industry.
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xvii
Author xix
Chapter 1 Introduction 1 (10)
Energy and Us 1 (4)
Energy and Nations 5 (2)
Where We're Going 7 (2)
References 9 (1)
Further Readings 10 (1)
Chapter 2 Energy, Work, and Power 11 (10)
Work, Energy, and Power in the Scientific 12 (5)
Context
How Much Work Gets Done 17 (1)
Brief History of the Human Use of Energy 18 (2)
References 20 (1)
Further Readings 20 (1)
Chapter 3 Human Energy 21 (16)
Energy in Foods and Energy in Fuels 26 (2)
Why Can't We Eat Coal and Drink Oil? 28 (2)
Why Don't We Catch on Fire When We Eat? 30 (4)
Where Does the Energy in Food Come From? 34 (2)
References 36 (1)
Further Readings 36 (1)
Chapter 4 The Energy Balance 37 (8)
Further Readings 44 (1)
Chapter 5 Fire 45 (12)
Early Uses of Fire 46 (3)
The Process of Burning 49 (6)
Further Readings 55 (2)
Chapter 6 Firewood 57 (18)
How Does Wood Burn? 57 (2)
Where Does the Energy in Wood Come From? 59 (2)
Problems Associated with Wood Combustion 61 (1)
Energy Crises Made of Wood 62 (4)
Wood in the Industrialized World Today 66 (3)
Wood in the Developing World 69 (4)
References 73 (1)
Further Readings 74 (1)
Chapter 7 Combustion for Home Comfort 75 (16)
Central Heating in History 75 (2)
Stoves 77 (1)
Combustion: The Story So Far 78 (2)
The Fuels 80 (5)
Wood 80 (1)
Coal 80 (3)
Petroleum Products 83 (1)
Natural Gas 84 (1)
The Smoke Problem 85 (3)
About the Humble Match 88 (1)
References 89 (1)
Further Readings 89 (2)
Chapter 8 Waterwheels 91 (20)
Kinetic Energy 91 (1)
Potential Energy 92 (2)
Spontaneous Change and the Energy Diagram 94 (2)
Waterwheels in the Ancient World 96 (5)
Waterwheels in the Medieval World 101 (3)
Waterwheels in the Early Modern World 104 (3)
Water "Power" as a Form of Solar Energy 107 (1)
Water "Power" and the Environment 107 (2)
References 109 (1)
Further Readings 109 (2)
Chapter 9 Wind Energy 111 (14)
Where Does Wind Come From? 111 (1)
Windmills in the Islamic World 112 (2)
The Medieval Post Mill 114 (3)
The Turret Mill 117 (3)
Wind Energy in the Early Modern Age 120 (3)
References 123 (1)
Further Readings 124 (1)
Chapter 10 Steam Engine 125 (22)
"Prehistory" of Steam 125 (1)
Otto von Guericke and the Force of the 126 (2)
Atmosphere
Atmospheric Engine 128 (7)
James Watt and the Steam Engine 135 (6)
Richard Trevithick: Steam on Wheels 141 (3)
Steam: Energy for the Industrial Revolution 144 (1)
References 145 (1)
Further Readings 146 (1)
Chapter 11 Heat and Thermal Efficiency 147 (26)
Notion of Efficiency 147 (1)
Temperature and Thermal Potential Energy 148 (3)
Gas Laws and the Quest for Absolute Zero 151 (3)
Quantifying Efficiency 154 (7)
Equivalence of Heat and Work 161 (8)
Heat and How It Is Transferred 169 (1)
How Much Heat Flows? 170 (1)
References 171 (1)
Further Readings 171 (2)
Chapter 12 Introduction to Electricity 173 (18)
"Prehistory" of Electricity 173 (1)
Early "Electricians" 173 (6)
Electric Fluid and Its Potential 179 (1)
Electric Current 179 (1)
Resistance 180 (6)
Electric Power 186 (2)
References 188 (1)
Further Readings 189 (2)
Chapter 13 How Electricity Is Generated 191 (14)
Luigi Galvani's Frogs 191 (1)
Alessandro Volta and the Early "Battery" 192 (3)
Batteries 195 (2)
The Great Dane 197 (2)
Michael Faraday and the Invention of the 199 (4)
Generator
References 203 (1)
Further Readings 204 (1)
Chapter 14 Impacts of Electricity on Society 205 (18)
Breaking the Geographic Barrier 205 (2)
Electric Lighting 207 (2)
And Then There Was Edison 209 (4)
Electric Motors 213 (5)
AC or DC? 218 (3)
References 221 (1)
Further Readings 222 (1)
Chapter 15 Electricity from Falling Water 223 (22)
The Rotary Generator 223 (1)
The Water Turbine 223 (6)
Hydropower 229 (6)
Dams: Pros and Cons 235 (7)
References 242 (1)
Further Readings 243 (2)
Chapter 16 Electricity from Steam 245 (28)
Reciprocating Steam Engines in Electricity 245 (1)
Generation
Early History of the Steam Turbine 246 (1)
The Parsons Turbine 247 (2)
Digression: Steam-Turbine Applications in 249 (1)
Ship Propulsion
Robert Boyle and the Behavior of Gases 250 (5)
Turbines as Heat Engines 255 (2)
The Turbine/Generator Set 257 (1)
How to Get Up a Head of Steam 258 (1)
Heat Transfer 259 (1)
The Boiler 260 (1)
How to Burn Coal 261 (3)
The Coal-Fired Electric Generating Plant 264 (6)
Overall Plant Layout 270 (2)
References 272 (1)
Further Readings 272 (1)
Chapter 17 Energy for Transportation 273 (26)
Humans and Other Animals 273 (3)
Sailing Ships: Moving with the Wind 276 (1)
Steam for Transportation 277 (7)
Locomotives 277 (2)
Ships 279 (3)
Road Vehicles 282 (2)
The Coming of Petroleum 284 (2)
Automobiles 286 (3)
Early Aviation 289 (3)
The Diesel 292 (1)
The Jet 293 (2)
Energy Demands of Transportation 295 (2)
References 297 (1)
Further Readings 298 (1)
Chapter 18 Petroleum and Its Products 299 (16)
Fossil Fuels and the Global Carbon Cycle 299 (2)
Cooking Kerogen 301 (2)
Natural Gas 303 (3)
Petroleum and Its Age-Depth Classification 306 (7)
Products from Petroleum: Introduction to 313 (1)
Refining
Reference 314 (1)
Further Readings 314 (1)
Chapter 19 Gasoline 315 (14)
Otto-Cycle Engines and Their Performance 315 (3)
Octane Number 318 (1)
Producing Gasoline in the Refinery 319 (8)
Straight-Run Gasoline from Distillation 319 (1)
Alkylation 320 (1)
Thermal Cracking 320 (1)
Catalytic Cracking 321 (2)
Catalytic Reforming 323 (1)
Octane Enhancers 324 (2)
Blending 326 (1)
Further Readings 327 (2)
Chapter 20 Impact of the Automobile 329 (18)
The Cycling Craze 329 (3)
How Railroads Put People in Cars 332 (2)
American Dominance in Automobile Manufacturing 334 (3)
Effects of Growing Automobile Use 337 (7)
Cars and Industrial Growth 337 (1)
Suburbs 337 (3)
Road Building 340 (1)
Transforming the Social Scene 341 (3)
References 344 (1)
Further Readings 345 (2)
Chapter 21 Jet Engines and Jet Fuel 347 (16)
Kerosene as a Refinery Product 347 (1)
The Jet Engine 348 (11)
The Early History of the Jet Engine 348 (5)
The Turbojet Engine 353 (2)
Fan Jet or Turbofan Engines 355 (2)
Turboprop and Turboshaft Engines 357 (1)
Jet Cars? 357 (1)
Electricity from Jet Engines 358 (1)
Jet Fuel 359 (2)
References 361 (1)
Further Readings 362 (1)
Chapter 22 Diesel Engines and Diesel Fuel 363 (16)
Life without Matches 363 (2)
The Diesel Engine and How It Works 365 (5)
Early Development Work 365 (1)
How the Diesel Engine Functions 365 (5)
Commercial Applications of the Diesel Engine 370 (5)
Stationary Engines 371 (1)
Marine Applications 371 (1)
Railways 371 (1)
Road Transportation 372 (1)
The Diesel Airplane 373 (1)
Diesel Fuel 374 (1)
Did He Jump or Was He Pushed? 375 (1)
Reference 376 (1)
Further Readings 377 (2)
Chapter 23 Atomic Energy 379 (28)
The Discovery of X-Rays 379 (3)
Henri Becquerel's Experiment 382 (5)
Radiation 387 (1)
The Structures of Atoms 388 (2)
Radioactivity Is a Nuclear Process 390 (1)
Nuclear Binding Energy 390 (4)
Transmutation of Elements 394 (4)
The Discovery of Nuclear Fission 398 (6)
Chain Reactions 404 (1)
References 405 (1)
Further Reading 406 (1)
Chapter 24 Nuclear Power Plants 407 (18)
Components of a Nuclear Reactor 407 (5)
Processes in the Reactor's Core 412 (1)
The First Reactor 413 (1)
First Applications of Nuclear Fission 414 (1)
The Boiling Water Reactor 415 (1)
Pressurized Water Reactor 416 (2)
Pressure Tube Reactors 418 (1)
The Steam Cycle 418 (1)
Reactor Safety Systems 419 (1)
Radiation from Nuclear Plants 420 (1)
The End of the Story'? 420 (3)
Further Readings 423 (2)
Chapter 25 The Nuclear Controversy 425 (34)
Health Effects of Radiation 426 (8)
Units of Radiation 430 (2)
Background Radiation 432 (1)
Is There a Threshold Radiation Exposure? 433 (1)
Nuclear Reactor Safety 434 (12)
Windscale 435 (2)
Three Mile Island 437 (2)
Chernobyl 439 (6)
Fukushima 445 (1)
Radioactive Waste 446 (5)
Nuclear Weapons Proliferation 451 (1)
Is There a Future for Nuclear Energy? 452 (4)
Westinghouse AP1000 Reactor 452 (1)
Pebble Bed Reactor 453 (2)
Thorium Reactors 455 (1)
References 456 (1)
Further Readings 456 (3)
Chapter 26 Energy and the Environment 459 (18)
Extraction of Fuels: Mines and Wells 459 (7)
Refining and Beneficiation 466 (2)
Fuel Utilization 468 (2)
Addressing the Environmental Challenge 470 (4)
References 474 (1)
Further Readings 474 (3)
Chapter 27 Acid Rain 477 (22)
The pH Scale 477 (1)
"Natural" Acid Rain 478 (1)
SOx and NOx as Causes ofAcid Rain 479 (3)
Environmental Consequences of Acid Rain 482 (10)
Effects on Buildings and Statues 483 (1)
Acidification of Natural Waters 483 (1)
Effects on Aquatic Ecosystems 484 (4)
Remediation of Aquatic Systems 488 (1)
Destruction of Terrestrial Plants 488 (2)
Human Health Effects 490 (2)
Acid Rain on the Move 492 (1)
Dealing with SOx and NOx Emissions 493 (4)
Sulfur Oxides 493 (2)
Nitrogen Oxides 495 (2)
Reference 497 (1)
Further Readings 497 (2)
Chapter 28 Vehicle Emissions and Emissionless 499 (16)
Vehicles
Tailpipe Emissions 499 (3)
How Smog Forms 502 (1)
Catalytic Converters 503 (2)
Reformulated Gasolines 505 (1)
LEVs, Hybrids, and Electric Cars 506 (6)
Further Readings 512 (3)
Chapter 29 Global Climate Change 515 (36)
Our Planet Is a Greenhouse 515 (8)
An Enhanced Greenhouse Effect: Evidence for 523 (6)
Global Change
Roles for Other Greenhouse Gases 527 (2)
Signs of Global Change 529 (4)
Potential Consequences of an Enhanced 533 (8)
Greenhouse Effect
Increasing Average Global Temperatures 533 (2)
Rising Sea Level 535 (2)
Shift of Prime Agricultural Regions 537 (1)
The Spread of Deserts 538 (1)
Human Health Effects 539 (1)
The Possible Release of More Greenhouse 540 (1)
Gases on a Warmer Earth
Increased Plant Growth as a Benefit 540 (1)
The Role of the Global Carbon Cycle 541 (2)
Possible Policy Options for Dealing with 543 (5)
Global Warming
References 548 (1)
Further Readings 548 (3)
Chapter 30 Fossil Energy: Reserves, Resources, 551 (28)
and Geopolitics
Energy Reserves and Resources 551 (3)
We Depend on Oil 554 (1)
Oil Economics 555 (3)
Lifetime Estimates 558 (2)
Increasing the Petroleum Reserve 560 (2)
Lessening Dependence on Petroleum 562 (1)
Oil Production 563 (3)
The Race between Discovery and Production 566 (1)
What Does "Running Out" Really Mean? 567 (2)
Geopolitics 569 (3)
Natural Gas 572 (2)
Coal 574 (2)
References 576 (1)
Further Readings 576 (3)
Chapter 31 Renewable Energy from Biomass 579 (36)
Introduction to Biomass 580 (3)
Is Biomass CO2 Neutral? 583 (1)
Energy Crops 584 (3)
Possible Disadvantages of Biomass 587 (2)
Wood 589 (6)
Uses of Wood as an Energy Source 590 (2)
Problems with the Use of Wood 592 (1)
Is Wood "Renewable"? 593 (2)
Methanol 595 (4)
Alcohols as Liquid Fuels for Vehicles 595 (1)
Production of Methanol 596 (1)
Advantages of Methanol 597 (1)
Disadvantages of Methanol 598 (1)
Ethanol 599 (5)
Production of Ethanol 600 (1)
Advantages of Ethanol 601 (1)
Disadvantages of Ethanol 601 (2)
Ethanol in the United States and Brazil 603 (1)
Plant Oils and Biodiesel 604 (4)
Municipal Solid Waste 608 (1)
Methane from Biological Sources 609 (2)
Hydrogen 611 (2)
References 613 (1)
Further Readings 613 (2)
Chapter 32 Electricity from Wind 615 (20)
Where Wind Comes From 615 (1)
Wind Energy in the Recent Past 616 (3)
Wind Turbines 619 (5)
Wind as a Modern Energy Source 624 (1)
Prime Locations for Wind Energy Development 624 (2)
Electricity from Wind: The Current Scene 626 (1)
Advantages of Wind for Electricity Generation 627 (1)
Potential Disadvantages of Wind as an Energy 628 (3)
Source
Comparison of Wind Energy with Other Sources 631 (1)
of Electricity
References 632 (1)
Further Readings 633 (2)
Chapter 33 Energy from the Sun 635 (26)
Energy from the Sun to Earth 636 (2)
Passive Solar Heating of Buildings 638 (3)
Active Collection of Solar Energy for Heat 641 (5)
and Hot Water
Indirect Conversion of Solar Energy to 646 (4)
Electricity
Photovoltaics: Direct Conversion of Solar 650 (8)
Energy to Electricity
Advantages and Disadvantages of Solar as an 658 (1)
Energy Source
Further Readings 659 (2)
Chapter 34 Nuclear Fusion: Bringing the Sun to 661 (18)
Earth
Where the Sun Gets Its Energy 661 (5)
Harnessing the Energy of Nuclear Fusion 666 (8)
Fuel 666 (1)
Ignition 667 (2)
Reactors 669 (3)
Energy Capture 672 (2)
Comparing Fusion and Fission as Sources of 674 (1)
Nuclear Energy
Promise and the Frustration of Fusion Energy 675 (2)
References 677 (1)
Further Readings 677 (2)
Glossary of Symbols, Abbreviations, and Acronyms 679 (6)
Index 685
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