S/Filter includes tools beyond direct synthesis, including a wide variety of both exact and approximate equivalent network transforms, methods for selecting the most desirable out of potentially thousands of synthesised alternatives, and a transform history record that simplifies design attempts requiring iteration. Very few software programs are based on direct synthesis, and the additional features of S/Filter make it a uniquely effective tool for filter design. This resource presents a practical guide to using Genesys software for microwave and RF filter design and synthesis. The focus of the book is common filter design problems and how to use direct synthesis to solve those problems. This book covers the application of S/Filter features to solving important and common filter problems. Both lumped element and distributed filters are discussed, with extensions to dielectric and quartz crystal resonators.
Preface xiii
References xiv
1 Transmission Zeros 1 (6)
1.1 Determining TZ by Inspection 1 (3)
1.2 Filter Degree 4 (1)
1.3 Canonical Realization 4 (1)
1.4 Influence of TZs on the Response 4 (3)
References 6 (1)
2 All-Pole Lowpass and Highpass 7 (6)
2.1 Initial All-Pole Lowpass Parameters 7 (2)
2.2 Dual Topologies 9 (1)
2.3 Chebyshev Approximation with Even 10 (1)
Order
2.4 All-Pole Highpass Example 11 (2)
References 12 (1)
3 Lowpass with Finite Zeros 13 (4)
3.1 Introduction 13 (2)
3.2 Alternative Topologies 15 (2)
4 Conventional Bandpass 17 (6)
4.1 Bandpass Transform 17 (1)
4.2 Classification Symmetry or Antimetry 17 (1)
4.3 A 75- to 125-MHz Bandpass 18 (1)
4.4 A 96- to 104-MHz Bandpass Filter 19 (1)
4.5 Comparative Analysis of the Wide and 19 (4)
Narrow Filters
Reference 21 (2)
5 Extraction Sequences 23 (6)
5.1 The Extraction Tab 23 (6)
Reference 27 (2)
6 Customized Bandpass Filters 29 (10)
6.1 Custom Filter Specification 29 (4)
6.2 Partial Extractions of FTZs 33 (1)
6.3 Inexact Extractions 34 (1)
6.4 Inexact Example 34 (5)
7 Norton Transforms 39 (8)
7.1 Norton Series Transform 39 (1)
7.2 Removing a Transformer with the 40 (3)
Series Norton
7.3 Norton Shunt Transform 43 (1)
7.4 Equal-Valued Inductor Bandpass 44 (1)
7.5 The History Tab 45 (1)
7.6 Equate All Ls 46 (1)
8 Bandpass with Resonators 47 (22)
8.1 Coupled Parallel-Resonator Filters 47 (11)
8.1.1 Exact Design of a Parallel 49 (2)
Resonator All-Pole Filter
8.1.2 Termination Coupling Transforms 51 (2)
8.1.3 Find Dual Transform 53 (2)
8.1.4 Exact Design with Like Coupling 55 (1)
Elements
8.1.5 The Equate All Shunt Ls or 56 (1)
Shorted Stubs Transform
8.1.6 Termination-Coupled Bandpass 57 (1)
8.2 Coupled Series-Resonator Filters 58 (11)
8.2.1 The Basic Series-Resonator 58 (1)
Bandpass
8.2.2 Tubular Bandpass 59 (2)
8.2.3 Manufacture of the Tubular 61 (1)
Bandpass
8.2.4 Generalized Series-Resonator 61 (2)
Bandpass
8.2.5 Tunable Constant-Bandwidth 63 (4)
Bandpass
Reference 67 (2)
9 TEM-Mode Resonators 69 (14)
9.1 Filter Insertion Loss 69 (1)
9.2 Filter Using 50-Ohm Coaxial Resonators 70 (4)
9.2.1 Lumped to Distributed Equivalents 70 (2)
9.2.2 The Convert Using Advanced Tline 72 (2)
Routine
9.3 Generalized Bandpass Using Ceramic 74 (4)
Resonators
9.3.1 Creating Parallel Resonators 75 (1)
9.3.2 Shifting the Internal Impedance 76 (1)
Level
9.3.3 The Pi to Tee Transform: 77 (1)
Increasing Coupling Caps
9.3.4 Converting the Parallel L-C to 77 (1)
Coaxial Resonators
9.3.5 Optimizing the Values 77 (1)
9.4 Ceramic Bandpass with Two FTZs 78 (5)
References 81 (2)
10 Piezoelectric Devices 83 (32)
10.1 Quartz-Crystal Device Model 83 (3)
10.1.1 Physical Form of the Quartz 83 (1)
Crystal
10.1.2 Insertion Response of a Quartz 84 (1)
Crystal
10.1.3 Modeling the Quartz Crystal 84 (1)
10.1.4 Calculating Model Parameters 85 (1)
from the Response
10.1.5 The Quartz-Crystal Model and 86 (1)
Filter Design
10.2 Quartz-Crystal Filter Approximate 86 (4)
Design
10.3 Nulling the Static Capacitance 90 (1)
10.4 Design of a Lower-Sideband Crystal 91 (6)
Filter
10.5 Upper-Sideband Quartz-Crystal Filter 97 (6)
10.6 Filters with TZs Above and Below the 103 (4)
Passband
10.7 Wide-Bandwidth Quartz-Crystal Filters 107 (1)
10.8 Very Wide-Bandwidth Quartz-Crystal 108 (3)
Filters
10.9 Ceramic-Piezoelectric Resonators 111 (4)
Reference 113 (2)
11 Symmetry 115 (14)
11.1 Physical Symmetry 115 (4)
11.1.1 A Lowpass Filter with FTZ 115 (2)
Pairings
11.1.2 A Bandpass Filter with FTZ 117 (2)
Pairings
11.2 Response Symmetry 119 (5)
11.2.1 All-Pole Symmetric Response 120 (1)
Filters
11.2.2 Generalized Bandpass with 120 (3)
Symmetric Response
11.2.3 Symmetry by FTZ Placement 123 (1)
11.3 Group-Delay Equalization 124 (5)
References 127 (2)
12 Matching with S/Filter 129 (16)
12.1 Matching Concepts 129 (3)
12.1.1 Complex Conjugate Match 130 (1)
12.1.2 Two-Element Matching Networks 130 (2)
12.2 Real Terminations 132 (7)
12.2.1 Exploiting Extraction Sequences 132 (6)
12.2.2 Exploiting Resonator Filters 138 (1)
12.3 Complex Terminations 139 (6)
12.3.1 Fano's Limit 139 (1)
12.3.2 Example: Power Amplifier Match 140 (2)
12.3.3 Example: Broadband Antenna Match 142 (2)
References 144 (1)
13 Distributed Filters 145 (24)
13.1 Comparing Distributed and Lumped 145 (1)
Filters
13.2 The Genesys Microwave Filter Module 146 (3)
13.3 Distributed Synthesis Concepts 149 (13)
13.3.1 TLEs 149 (1)
13.3.2 Richards Transform 150 (2)
13.3.3 Kuroda Identities 152 (3)
13.3.4 Ikeno Transforms 155 (2)
13.3.5 Kuroda-Minnis Transform 157 (2)
13.3.6 Half-Angle Transform 159 (2)
13.3.7 Interdigital Transform 161 (1)
13.3.8 Combline Transform 161 (1)
13.4 Lumped to Distributed Equivalent 162 (2)
Transforms
13.5 Inverters 164 (1)
13.6 The Convert Using Advanced TLine 165 (1)
Routine
13.7 Box Modes 166 (1)
13.8 Introduction to Distributed Filter 166 (3)
Examples
References 167 (2)
14 Distributed Lowpass Filters 169 (30)
14.1 Exact Methods 169 (11)
14.1.1 Lowpass with Redundant UEs 169 (6)
14.1.2 Stub TLEs and Contributing Unit 175 (1)
Elements
14.1.3 Lowpass with Only Contributing 176 (3)
UEs (Stepped-Z)
14.1.4 Generalized Lowpass Filter 179 (1)
14.2 Approximate Methods 180 (10)
14.2.1 All-Pole: Equivalent Series TLE 182 (1)
and Shorted Stubs
14.2.2 Stepped Impedance Lowpass 183 (4)
14.2.3 Generalized Lowpass 187 (3)
14.3 Size Reduction by Penetration 190 (2)
14.4 Radial Stub Lowpass 192 (2)
14.5 Hybrid Lowpass 194 (2)
14.6 Distributed Lowpass Summary 196 (3)
Reference 198 (1)
15 Distributed Bandstop Filters 199 (12)
15.1 All-Pole with Stubs and Contributing 199 (6)
UEs
15.1.1 Wide Bandwidth Bandstop 199 (3)
15.1.2 Moderate Bandwidth Bandstop 202 (2)
15.1.3 Narrow Bandstop with Ikeno 204 (1)
Transforms
15.2 Generalized Narrowband Bandstop 205 (6)
16 Distributed Bandpass Filters 211 (48)
16.1 Tutorials of Bandpass by Synthesis 211 (13)
16.1.1 Edge-Coupled Using Richards 211 (5)
Transform
16.1.2 Edge-Coupled Using Inverters 216 (2)
16.1.3 Interdigital Using Inverters 218 (6)
16.2 Unique Bandpass Designs 224 (24)
16.2.1 Combline with Capacitive 224 (4)
External Coupling
16.2.2 Miniature Bandpass with 228 (5)
Contributing UEs
16.2.3 Narrow Bandwidth with UEs and an 233 (5)
FTZ
16.2.4 Penetrating Combline 238 (7)
16.2.5 Minnis Class-D Bandpass 245 (3)
16.3 Hybrid Bandpass 248 (11)
16.3.1 Penetrating Combline with 248 (1)
Capacitors
16.3.2 Generalized Combline Hybrid 249 (3)
16.3.3 Direct-Coupled Bandpass with 252 (6)
Capacitors
References 258 (1)
17 Distributed Highpass Filters 259 (18)
17.1 The Hybrid Highpass 259 (9)
17.1.1 The All-Pole Hybrid: Distributed 259 (2)
Synthesis
17.1.2 The All-Pole Hybrid Highpass: 261 (2)
Lumped Synthesis
17.1.3 The Hybrid Highpass with UEs 263 (3)
17.1.4 The Hybrid Highpass with an FTZ 266 (2)
17.2 Purely Distributed Highpass 268 (4)
17.2.1 Highpass with Three TZs at DC 268 (2)
and a UE
17.2.2 Highpass with Three TZs at DC 270 (2)
and Four UEs
17.3 The Highpass Synthesized as a 272 (5)
Bandpass
17.3.1 Hybrid Highpass from an 272 (3)
Eighth-Degree Bandpass
17.3.2 Hybrid Highpass from a 275 (2)
10th-Degree Bandpass
18 Multiplexers 277 (12)
18.1 Contiguous Multiplexers 277 (4)
18.1.1 Contiguous Lowpass-Highpass 277 (2)
Diplexer
18.1.2 Contiguous LP/BP/HP Multiplexer 279 (2)
18.2 Noncontiguous Multiplexers 281 (8)
18.2.1 Noncontiguous LP/HP Diplexer 281 (3)
with FTZ
18.2.2 Noncontiguous Distributed 284 (3)
Combline Diplexer
Reference 287 (2)
19 Electromagnetic Simulation 289 (24)
19.1 Overview 289 (3)
19.1.1 The EMPower Program 290 (1)
19.1.2 The Momentum Program 291 (1)
19.1.3 The EMPro Program 292 (1)
19.2 Box Modes 292 (3)
19.3 EM Simulation of Distributed Circuits 295 (7)
19.3.1 EM Simulation of Penetrating 295 (3)
Stepped-Z Lowpass
19.3.2 EM Simulation of a Combline 298 (2)
Bandpass
19.3.3 EM Simulation of a 300 (2)
Direct-Coupled Bandpass
19.4 Classic Method of Bandpass Design 302 (11)
19.4.1 Classic Method Fundamentals 302 (2)
19.4.2 Example: Determining K Values 304 (3)
19.4.3 Example: Determining Q Values 307 (1)
19.4.4 Filter Example Using the Classic 307 (3)
Method
References 310 (3)
Appendix A Example Summary 313 (6)
A.1 Lumped Examples 313 (2)
A.2 Distributed Examples 315 (1)
A.3 Hybrid Examples 316 (1)
A.4 Multiplexer Examples 317 (2)
Constants, Symbols, and Initialisms 319 (4)
About the Author 323 (2)
Index 325
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