The UHV transmission has many advantages for new power networks due to its capacity, long distance potential, high efficiency, and low loss. Development of UHV transmission technology is led by infrastructure development and renewal, as well as smart grid developments, which can use UHV power networks as the transmission backbone for hydropower, coal, nuclear power and large renewable energy bases. Over the years, State Grid Corporation of China has developed a leading position in UHV core technology R&D, equipment development, plus construction experience, standards development and operational management. SGCC built the most advanced technology 'two AC and two DC' UHV projects with the highest voltage-class and largest transmission capacity in the world, with a cumulative power transmission of 10TWh. This book comprehensively summarizes the research achievement, theoretical innovation and engineering practice in UHV power grid construction in China since 2005. It covers the key technology and parameters used in the design of the UHV transmission network, shows readers the technical problems State Grid encountered during the construction, and the solution they come up with. It also introduces key technology like UHV series compensation, DC converter valve, and the systematic standards and norms. * Discusses technical characteristics and advantages of using of AC/DC transmission system* Includes applications and technical standards of UHV technologies * Provides insight and case studies into a technology area that is developing worldwide* Introduces the technical difficulties encountered in design and construction phase and provides solutions
Preface xv
Chapter 1 Grid Development and Voltage Upgrade 1 (34)
1.1 Grid Development and Interconnection 1 (15)
1.1.1 Basic Concepts of Grid 1 (3)
1.1.2 History of Grid Development 4 (4)
1.1.3 Status of Grid Interconnection 8 (2)
1.1.4 Grid Development Trend 10 (6)
1.2 Driver for UHV Transmission Development 16 (11)
and Its History
1.2.1 Drivers for Developing UHV 16 (4)
Transmission
1.2.2 History of UHV Development Worldwide 20 (3)
1.2.3 Innovations and Practices in China's 23 (4)
UHV Transmission
1.3 Hybrid UHV AC and UHV DC Grid 27 (6)
1.3.1 Features of AC and DC Transmission 27 (1)
Technologies
1.3.2 Features of Hybrid UHV AC and UHV DC 28 (1)
Grids
1.3.3 Basic Principles for Selecting UHV 29 (4)
Voltage Classes
References 33 (2)
Chapter 2 Characteristics of UHV AC 35 (60)
Transmission System
2.1 Parameters of UHV AC Transmission Lines 36 (12)
2.1.1 Unit Length Parameters of 36 (7)
Transmission Line
2.1.2 Impacts of Bundle Configuration of 43 (1)
Conductors on Inductive and Capacitive
Reactance of Lines
2.1.3 Comparison of Parameters Between 43 (1)
EHV/UHV AC Transmission Lines
2.1.4 Equivalent Circuit of UHV AC 44 (4)
Transmission Line
2.2 Transmission Characteristics of UHV AC 48 (12)
Transmission Lines
2.2.1 Surge Impedance Load 48 (3)
2.2.2 Transmission of Active and Reactive 51 (2)
Power
2.2.3 Power Loss and Voltage Decline 53 (3)
2.2.4 Power-Voltage Characteristics 56 (4)
2.3 Calculation Methods for Stability and 60 (22)
Transmission Capability of UHV AC System
2.3.1 Basic Concept of Power System 60 (16)
Stability
2.3.2 Power System Security and Stability 76 (2)
Standard and Stability Criterion
2.3.3 Calculating Methods for Transmission 78 (4)
Capability of the UHV AC System
2.4 Influence of System Parameters on 82 (11)
Transmission Capability of the UHV AC System
2.4.1 Transformer Reactance/Line Reactance 82 (1)
Ratio of UHV System
2.4.2 Ratio of Generator Reactance to UHV 83 (2)
Transmission Line Reactance
2.4.3 Influence of Connection Scheme of 85 (2)
Generators (Power Plants/Stations) on UHV
Transmission Capability
2.4.4 Influence of System Parameters on 87 (6)
Transmission Capability of UHV AC System
References 93 (2)
Chapter 3 Characteristics of UHV DC 95 (38)
Transmission System
3.1 Basic Principles of HVDC Transmission 95 (9)
System
3.1.1 Basics of HVDC Current Conversion 95 (1)
Technology
3.1.2 Six-Pulse Converter 96 (7)
3.1.3 Twelve-Pulse Converter 103(1)
3.2 Characteristics of UHV DC Transmission 104(18)
System
3.2.1 System Composition 104(6)
3.2.2 Operation of DC Transmission System 110(8)
3.2.3 Characteristics and Applications of 118(4)
UHV DC Transmission
3.3 Safety, Stability, and Operation of UHV 122(10)
DC Transmission System
3.3.1 Role of AC Systems in Supporting UHV 122(1)
DC Systems
3.3.2 Connection of UHV DC Transmission 123(2)
Systems
3.3.3 Stability Evaluation Methods for 125(5)
Interconnected UHV DC-AC System
3.3.4 Interaction Between UHV DC System and 130(2)
AC System
References 132(1)
Chapter 4 Internal Overvoltages in UHV Grid and 133(60)
Their Suppression
4.1 Classification of Internal Overvoltages 134(2)
and Overvoltage Level in UHV System
4.2 Temporary Overvoltage and Its Suppression 136(13)
4.2.1 Temporary Overvoltage Caused by Load 136(7)
Rejection and Its Suppression
4.2.2 Resonance Overvoltage and Its 143(6)
Suppression
4.3 Secondary Arc Current and Its Suppression 149(11)
4.3.1 Secondary Arc Current and Recovery 149(1)
Voltage
4.3.2 Suppression of Secondary Arc Current 150(2)
4.3.3 Self-Extinguishing Characteristics of 152(1)
Secondary Arc
4.3.4 Selection of Neutral Grounding 153(3)
Reactor for Fixed Shunt Reactors
4.3.5 Selection of Neutral Grounding 156(1)
Reactor for Controllable Shunt Reactors
4.3.6 Selection of HSGS 157(1)
4.3.7 Impact of Series Compensation 157(2)
Capacitor on Transient Secondary Arc Current
4.3.8 Impacts of Phase Sequence on 159(1)
Secondary Arc Current in Double-Circuit
Lines
4.4 Switching Overvoltages and Its Suppression 160(11)
4.4.1 Closing Overvoltage and Its 160(5)
Suppression
4.4.2 Opening Overvoltage and Its 165(6)
Suppression
4.5 VFTO and Its Suppression 171(6)
4.5.1 VFTO and Its Impact 171(1)
4.5.2 VFTO Characteristics 171(4)
4.5.3 Suppression of VFTO 175(2)
4.6 Internal Overvoltage of DC Transmission 177(15)
System and Its Suppression
4.6.1 Causes 177(2)
4.6.2 Suppression Measures 179(3)
4.6.3 Internal Overvoltage Suppression 182(10)
Effects in DC Transmission System
References 192(1)
Chapter 5 Lightning Overvoltage and Protection 193(36)
of UHV Grid
5.1 Lightning and Its Main Parameters 193(8)
5.1.1 Lightning Mechanism 193(3)
5.1.2 Lightning Parameters 196(4)
5.1.3 Lightning Overvoltage 200(1)
5.2 Lightning Protection for UHV Overhead 201(18)
Transmission Line
5.2.1 Characteristics of Lightning 201(2)
Protection
5.2.2 Methods of Calculating Lightning 203(8)
Trip-Out Rate
5.2.3 Application of Lightning Protection 211(8)
for UHV Overhead Transmission Line
5.3 Lightning Protection of UHV Substation 219(8)
and Converter Station
5.3.1 Simulation on Lightning Protection of 219(3)
UHV Substation and Converter Station
5.3.2 Lightning Protection of UHV 222(2)
Substations
5.3.3 Lightning Protection of UHV Converter 224(3)
Station
References 227(2)
Chapter 6 External Insulation Characteristics 229(68)
and Insulation Coordination of UHV Transmission
System
6.1 Discharge Characteristics of External 230(33)
Insulation
6.1.1 Classification of External Insulation 230(1)
6.1.2 Discharge Characteristics of Air Gaps 230(21)
of UHV Overhead Transmission Lines
6.1.3 Discharge Characteristics of Air Gaps 251(6)
in UHV Substations and Converter Stations
6.1.4 Altitude Correction 257(2)
6.1.5 Surface Flashover Characteristics of 259(4)
Insulators in UHV Power Grids
6.2 Air Gaps of UHV Overhead Transmission 263(7)
Lines
6.2.1 Conductor-to-Tower Air Gap Under 263(2)
Operating Voltage
6.2.2 Conductor-to-Tower Air Gap Under 265(3)
Switching Overvoltage
6.2.3 Conductor-to-Tower Air Gap Under 268(1)
Lightning Overvoltage
6.2.4 Recommended Conductor-to-Tower Air 269(1)
Gap for UHV Overhead Transmission Lines
6.3 Air Gaps in UHV Substations and Converter 270(9)
Stations
6.3.1 Required Air Gaps Under Operating 270(2)
Voltage
6.3.2 Required Air Gaps Under Switching 272(3)
Overvoltage
6.3.3 Air Gaps Under Lightning Overvoltage 275(1)
6.3.4 Recommended Air Gaps for a UHV 276(1)
Substation
6.3.5 Recommended Air Gaps for DC 277(2)
Switchyard of a UHV Converter Station
6.4 Selection of UHV Insulators 279(5)
6.4.1 Selection of Type and Number of 279(3)
Insulators for Overhead Transmission Lines
6.4.2 Selection of Insulators Used in 282(2)
Substations and Converter Stations
6.5 Insulation Level of UHV Electrical 284(11)
Equipment
6.5.1 Parameters of Surge Arrester 284(3)
6.5.2 Insulation Level of UHV AC Electrical 287(3)
Equipment
6.5.3 Insulation Level of UHV DC Electrical 290(5)
Equipment
References 295(2)
Chapter 7 Electromagnetic Environment in UHV 297(54)
Transmission Projects
7.1 Overview 298(1)
7.2 Electric and Magnetic Fields of UHV 298(19)
Transmission Projects
7.2.1 Electric and Magnetic Fields of UHV 298(8)
AC Transmission Projects
7.2.2 Limits of Power-Frequency Electric 306(2)
and Magnetic Fields of UHV AC Lines
7.2.3 Total Electric Field and DC Magnetic 308(6)
Field in UHV DC Transmission Projects
7.2.4 Limits of Total Electric Field and DC 314(1)
Magnetic Field for UHV DC Line
7.2.5 Effects of Power-Frequency Electric 315(2)
and Magnetic Fields
7.3 Noise from UHV Transmission Lines 317(13)
7.3.1 Physical Measurement and A-Weighted 317(1)
Sound Level of Audible Noise
7.3.2 Characteristics and Influencing 318(6)
Factors of Audible Noise from Overhead
Transmission Lines
7.3.3 Calculation of Audible Noise from UHV 324(2)
Transmission Lines
7.3.4 Limits of Audible Noise for UHV 326(1)
Overhead Transmission Lines
7.3.5 Limits of Noise for UHV Substations 327(1)
and Converter Stations
7.3.6 Audible Noise Reduction Measures for 328(2)
UHV Transmission Lines
7.4 RI and TVI of UHV Overhead Lines 330(9)
7.4.1 RI and TVI Characteristics and 330(5)
Effects of Overhead Lines
7.4.2 Calculation of RI of Overhead Lines 335(1)
7.4.3 RI Limits for UHV Overhead Lines 336(2)
7.4.4 Measures to Reduce RI of UHV Overhead 338(1)
Lines
7.5 Corona Losses of UHV Overhead 339(10)
Transmission Lines
7.5.1 Corona Performance of Overhead 339(1)
Transmission Lines
7.5.2 Corona Tests on UHV Overhead 340(4)
Transmission Lines
7.5.3 Corona Loss Calculation of AC 344(2)
Transmission Lines
7.5.4 Corona Loss Calculation of DC 346(3)
Transmission lines
References 349(2)
Chapter 8 Equipment of UHV Overhead 351(54)
Transmission Lines
8.1 Towers 352(13)
8.1.1 Types and Characteristics 352(3)
8.1.2 Design and Optimization of UHV Towers 355(7)
8.1.3 Foundations 362(3)
8.2 Conductors and Ground Wires 365(25)
8.2.1 Types 365(15)
8.2.2 Vibration of UHV Overhead Lines 380(10)
8.3 Insulators 390(8)
8.3.1 Insulators for UHV AC Overhead 390(3)
Transmission Lines
8.3.2 Insulators Used for UHV DC Overhead 393(5)
Transmission Lines
8.4 Fittings 398(6)
8.4.1 Spacer 398(1)
8.4.2 Suspension Fittings 399(2)
8.4.3 Tension Fittings 401(1)
8.4.4 Shielding Ring and Grading Ring 401(1)
8.4.5 Jumper Fittings 402(2)
References 404(1)
Chapter 9 UHV Substation and UHV AC Electrical 405(76)
Equipment
9.1 UHV Substation 406(13)
9.1.1 Main Electrical Connection Scheme 406(1)
9.1.2 Electrical Equipment 407(6)
9.1.3 Overall Layout 413(6)
9.2 UHV Transformer and Shunt Reactor 419(21)
9.2.1 UHV Transformer 419(10)
9.2.2 UHV Shunt Reactor 429(11)
9.3 UHV Switchgear 440(13)
9.3.1 UHV GIS 440(4)
9.3.2 UHV Circuit Breaker 444(4)
9.3.3 UHV Disconnector 448(5)
9.4 UHV Series Compensation Devices 453(9)
9.4.1 Configuration 453(1)
9.4.2 Key Technical Requirements 454(8)
9.5 UHV Surge Arrester 462(4)
9.5.1 Main Roles of UHV Surge Arrester 462(1)
9.5.2 Main Parameters of UHV Surge Arrester 462(3)
9.5.3 Structural Design of UHV Surge 465(1)
Arrester
9.6 UHV Post Insulators and Bushings 466(3)
9.6.1 UHV Post Insulators 466(2)
9.6.2 UHV Bushings 468(1)
9.7 UHV Voltage Transformer and Current 469(6)
Transformer
9.7.1 UHV Voltage Transformer 469(5)
9.7.2 UHV Current Transformer 474(1)
9.8 Seismic Resistance of Major Electrical 475(4)
Equipment in UHV Substation
9.8.1 Structural Characteristics of UHV 475(1)
Electrical Equipment
9.8.2 Studies on Seismic Resistance 476(1)
9.8.3 Seismic Design 477(2)
References 479(2)
Chapter 10 UHV Converter Station and UHV DC 481(52)
Electrical Equipment
10.1 UHV Converter Station 482(4)
10.1.1 DC Main Electrical Connection Scheme 482(2)
10.1.2 AC Main Electrical Connection Scheme 484(1)
10.1.3 General Layout 484(2)
10.2 UHV Converter Valve and Valve Control 486(5)
System
10.2.1 UHV Converter Valve 486(3)
10.2.2 UHV Converter Valve Control System 489(2)
10.3 UHV Converter Transformer and Smoothing 491(10)
Reactor
10.3.1 UHV Converter Transformer 491(5)
10.3.2 UHV Smoothing Reactor 496(5)
10.4 Filters in UHV Converter Station 501(7)
10.4.1 UHV DC Filter 501(3)
10.4.2 UHV AC Filter 504(4)
10.5 Surge Arresters in UHV Converter Station 508(4)
10.5.1 Types and Characteristics of 508(3)
Arresters
10.5.2 Structure of UHV DC Pole Bus Arrester 511(1)
10.6 UHV DC Post Insulators and Bushings 512(5)
10.6.1 Pollution Characteristics of DC 512(1)
Insulators
10.6.2 UHV DC Post Insulators 513(1)
10.6.3 UHV DC Wall Bushing 514(3)
10.7 DC Switchgears 517(6)
10.7.1 DC Transfer Switches 517(2)
10.7.2 DC Disconnector 519(2)
10.7.3 Bypass Circuit Breaker521(2)
10.8 UHV DC Measuring Devices 523(4)
10.8.1 DC Current Measuring Devices 523(2)
10.8.2 DC Voltage Measuring Devices 525(2)
10.9 UHV DC Control and Protection Equipment 527(4)
10.9.1 Characteristics 527(1)
10.9.2 Hierarchical Structure 528(3)
References 531(2)
Chapter 11 Construction of UHV Power Grids in 533(54)
China
11.1 Forecast of Power Demands 533(13)
11.1.1 Development Trend of National Economy 533(2)
11.1.2 Power Demand and Its Distribution 535(2)
11.1.3 Power Source Structure and Layout 537(4)
11.1.4 Power Flow Patterns 541(5)
11.2 Options of Transmitting Power from Large 546(12)
Power Bases
11.2.1 Overview of Large Power Bases 546(2)
11.2.2 Power Transmission Modes of Large 548(6)
Power Bases
11.2.3 Relation Between UHV AC/DC Grid and 554(4)
Large Power Bases
11.3 Development Pattern of Power Grids in 558(27)
China
11.3.1 Features of Future Power Grids 558(2)
11.3.2 Selection of Grid Development Plans 560(4)
11.3.3 Security Analysis on Grid 564(13)
Development Plans
11.3.4 Assessment on Economy of Three-Hua 577(6)
UHV Synchronous Grid
11.3.5 Social Benefits of Three-Hua UHV 583(2)
Synchronous Grid
References 585(2)
Chapter 12 UHV Engineering Practices in China 587(96)
12.1 UHV AC Transmission Projects 588(13)
12.1.1 1000-kV Jindongnan-Nanyang-Jingmen 588(5)
UHV AC Pilot and Demonstration Project
12.1.2 1000-kV Jindongnan-Nanyang-Jingmen 593(2)
UHV AC Expansion Project
12.1.3 1000-kV Huainan-Shanghai UHV AC 595(6)
Demonstration Project
12.2 UHV DC Transmission Projects 601(16)
12.2.1 Xiangjiaba-Shanghai ｱ-800-kV UHV DC 601(6)
Demonstration Project
12.2.2 Jinping-Sunan -ｱ800-kV UHV DC 607(5)
Transmission Project
12.2.3 Haminan-Zhengzhou -ｱ800-kV UHV DC 612(5)
Transmission Project
12.3 UHV Test Facilities 617(23)
12.3.1 UHV AC Test Base 617(7)
12.3.2 UHV DC Test Base 624(5)
12.3.3 UHV Tower Test Base 629(3)
12.3.4 Tibet High-Altitude Test Base 632(2)
12.3.5 High-Power Laboratory 634(2)
12.3.6 SGCC Simulation Center 636(2)
12.3.7 R&D Center for Packaged Design of 638(2)
UHV DC Projects
12.4 Standardization of UHV Transmission 640(3)
Technologies
12.4.1 Standards System of UHV AC 640(1)
Transmission Technologies
12.4.2 Standards System of UHV DC 641(2)
Transmission Technologies
12.5 Technological Innovation in UHV 643(31)
Engineering
12.5.1 Technological Innovation in UHV AC 643(9)
Engineering
12.5.2 Technological Innovation in UHV DC 652(22)
Engineering
12.6 Localization of UHV Equipment and 674(7)
Transport of Large Equipment
12.6.1 Manufacturing Capabilities of UHV AC 674(2)
Equipment
12.6.2 Manufacturing Capabilities of UHV DC 676(2)
Equipment
12.6.3 Transport of Large Equipment 678(3)
References 681(2)
Appendix A: Technical Data of UHV AC Electrical 683(10)
Equipment
Appendix 8: Technical Data of UHV AC 693(4)
Transmission Lines
Appendix C: Main Technical Data of UHV DC 697(8)
Electrical Equipment
Appendix D: Technical Data of UHV DC 705(4)
Transmission Lines
Appendix E: Standards for UHV AC and DC 709(12)
Transmission Technologies
Afterword 721(2)
Index 723
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