[图书简介]：
This leading text for courses in Criminology is known for its lucid style, student-oriented approach, and its interdisciplinary global perspective. This text is available in two versions, one with, and the other without coverage of the criminal justice system. For schools that retain the traditional criminology course, which includes criminological coverage of criminal justice, Criminology and the Criminal Justice System, Fourth Edition, is the ideal text. For schools that offer a separate introductory course in criminal justice, Criminology, Fourth Edition is the appropriate text.
[Table Of Contents]
List of Boxes
Preface
PART I Understanding Criminology
CHAPTER 1 The Reach of Criminology
The Reach of Criminology
Terrorism
Illicit Drug Trafficking
Money Laundering
Infiltration of Legal Business
Computer Crime
From the Pages of The New York Times: Financing Terrorism through Legitimate Fronts
Illicit Arms Trafficking
Traffic in Persons
Destruction of Cultural Property
What Is Criminology?
Window to the World: Russians and Americans Share a Crime Problem
The Making of Laws
Deviance
The Concept of Crime
The Consensus and Conflict Views of Law and Crime
The Breaking of Laws
Of Immediate Concern: Vipers in the Desert
Society's Reaction to the Breaking of Laws
Criminology and the Criminal Justice System
The Global Approach to the Breaking of Laws
Research Informs Policy
Review
Criminology & Public Policy
You Be the Criminologist
Key Terms
CHAPTER 2 Counting Crime and Measuring Criminal Behavior
The Ingredients of Crime
The Seven Basic Requirements
The Act Requirement
The Legality Requirement
The Harm Requirement
The Causation Requirement
Mens Rea: The "Guilty Mind" Requirement
The Concurrence Requirement
The Punishment Requirement
The Defenses
Typologies of Crime
Measuring Crime
Methods of Collecting Data
Ethics and the Researcher
The Nature and Extent of Crime
Police Statistics
From the Pages of The New York Times: Can Politics Influence Crime Data?
Victimization Surveys
Self-Report Surveys
Measuring Characteristics of Crime
Crime Trends
Locations and Times of Criminal Acts
Of Immediate Concern: Why Does Crime Drop?
Severity of Crime
Measuring Characteristics of Criminals
Age and Crime
Window to the World: Measuring World Crime
Gender and Crime
Social Class and Crime
Race and Crime
Review
Criminology & Public Policy
You Be the Criminologist
Key Terms
CHAPTER 3 Schools of Thought throughout History
Classical Criminology
Window to the World: Stone Age Crime and Social Control
The Historical Context
Cesare Beccaria
Of Immediate Concern: Utilitarianism Gone Astray
Jeremy Bentham's Utilitarianism
The Classical School: An Evaluation
Positivist Criminology
Biological Determinism: The Search for Criminal Traits
Lombroso, Ferri, Garofalo: The Italian School
A Return to Biological Determinism
Psychological Determinism
Pioneers in Criminal Psychology
From the Pages of The New York Times: Who's Responsible?
Psychological Studies of Criminals
Sociological Determinism
Adolphe Quetelet and Andr?Michel Guerry
Gabriel Tarde
?ile Durkheim
Historical and Contemporary Criminology: A Time Line
Review
Criminology & Public Policy
You Be the Criminologist
Key Terms
PART II Explanations of Crime and Criminal Behavior
CHAPTER 4 Psychological and Biological Perspectives
Psychology and Criminality
Psychological Development
Moral Development
Maternal Deprivation and Attachment Theory
Learning Aggression and Violence
From the Pages of The New York Times: The Apple Doesn't Fall Far
Of Immediate Concern: The Taboo Crime of Parricide
Window to the World: Censoring TV Violence
Personality
Mental Disorders and Crime
Psychological Causation
Biology and Criminality
Modern Biocriminality
Genetics and Criminality
The Controversy over Violence and Genes
The IQ Debate
Biochemical Factors
Neurophysiological Factors
Crime and Human Nature
Criticisms of Biocriminology
An Integrated Theory
Review
Criminology & Public Policy
You Be the Criminologist
Key Terms
CHAPTER 5 Strain and Cultural Deviance Theories
The Interconnectedness of Sociological Theories
Anomie: ?ile Durkheim
The Structural-Functionalist Perspective
Anomie and Suicide
Strain Theory
Window to the World: A Social System Breaks Down
Merton's Theory of Anomie
Modes of Adaptation
Tests of Merton's Theory
Evaluation: Merton's Theory
Institutional Imbalance and Crime
From the Pages of The New York Times: A Head Start Really Does Help
General Strain Theory
Theory Informs Policy
Cultural Deviance Theories
The Nature of Cultural Deviance
Social Disorganization Theory
Tests of Social Disorganization Theory
Of Immediate Concern: Cults-Culture Conflict-Crime
Evaluation: Social Disorganization Theory
Theory Informs Policy
Differential Association Theory
Tests of Differential Association Theory
Evaluation: Differential Association Theory
Theory Informs Policy
Culture Conflict Theory
Review
Criminology & Public Policy
You Be the Criminologist
Key Terms
CHAPTER 6 The Formation of Subcultures
The Function of Subcultures
Subcultural Theories of Delinquency and Crime
The Middle-Class Measuring Rod
Corner Boy, College Boy, Delinquent Boy
Tests of Cohen's Theory
Evaluation: Cohen's Theory
Delinquency and Opportunity
Tests of Opportunity Theory
Evaluation: Differential Opportunity Theory
The Subculture of Violence
Tests of the Subculture of Violence
Evaluation: The Subculture of Violence Theory
Focal Concerns: Miller's Theory
Tests of Miller's Theory
From the Pages of The New York Times: Street Gangs of New York: From the 1860's to the 1960's
Evaluation: Miller's Theory
Gangs at the Turn of the 21st Century
Guns and Gangs
Female Delinquent Subcultures
Early Research
Recent Studies
Of Immediate Concern: The Girls in the Gang
Middle-Class Delinquency
Explanations
Theory Informs Policy
MOBY
Other Programs
Window to the World: Americas Changing Ethnic Gangs
Getting Out: Gang Banging or the Morgue
Review
Criminology & Public Policy
You Be the Criminologist
Key Terms
CHAPTER 7 Social Control Theory
What Is Social Control?
Theories of Social Control
The Microsociological Perspective: Hirschi
Social Bonds
Empirical Tests of Hirschi's Theory
Evaluation: Hirschi's Social Control Theory
Social Control and Drift
Personal and Social Control
Failure of Control Mechanisms
Stake in Conformity
Of Immediate Concern: Defying Convention and Control: In Your Face"
Containment Theory
From the Pages of The New York Times: Social Control-Punishing the Cheat
Empirical Tests of Containment Theory
Evaluation: Containment Theory
Recent Theoretical Explanations
Developmental /Life Course Theory
Integrated Theory
General Theories
Theory Informs Policy
Family
School
Neighborhood
Window to the World: Nations with Low Crime Rates
Review
Criminology & Public Policy
You Be the Criminologist
Key Terms
CHAPTER 8 Labeling, Conflict, and Radical Theories
Labeling Theory
The Origins of Labeling Theory
Basic Assumptions of Labeling Theory
Labeling in the 1960's
Empirical Evidence for Labeling Theory
From the Pages of The New York Times: Racial Profiling: Labeling Before the Fact
Evaluation: Labeling Theory
Conflict Theory
The Consensus Model
The Conflict Model
Of Immediate Concern: The Rights of the Poorest
Conflict Theory and Criminology
Empirical Evidence for the Conflict Model
Radical Theory
The Intellectual Heritage of Marxist Criminology
Engels and Marx
Willem Adriaan Bonger
Georg Rusche and Otto Kirchheimer
Radical Criminology since the 1970's
Evaluation: Marxist Criminological Theory
Window to the World: The Forgotten Criminology of Genocide
Emerging Explanations
Review
Criminology & Public Policy
You Be the Criminologist
Key Terms
CHAPTER 9 Environmental Theory
Situational Theories of Crime
Environmental Criminology
Rational-Choice Perspective
Routine-Activity Approach
Window to the World: Decresting the Lovebug, Worldwide
Practical Applications of Situational Theories of Crime
Theories of Victimization
Lifestyle Theories
Victim-Offender Interaction
Repeat Victimization
Hot Spots of Crime
Geography of Crime
Interrelatedness of Theories
Preventing Crimes against Places, People, and Valuable Goods
From the Pages of The New York Times: New York City Cracks Down on "Hot Spots"
Situational Crime Prevention
Of Immediate Concern: Maximum-Security Schools
Displacement
Theory Informs Policy
Review
Criminology & Public Policy
You Be the Criminologist
Key Terms
PART III Types of Crimes
CHAPTER 10 Violent Crimes
Homicide
Murder
Manslaughter
The Extent of Homicide
The Nature of Homicide
A Cross-National Comparison of Homicide Rates
Assault
Family-Related Crimes
Spouse Abuse
Child Abuse
Abuse of the Elderly
Rape and Sexual Assault
Characteristics of the Rape Event
Who Are the Rapists?
Rape and the Legal System
Community Response
Kidnapping
Robbery
Characteristics of Robbers
The Consequences of Robbery
Organized Crime
The History of Organized Crime
The Structure and Impact of Organized Crime
Window to the World: The Business of Organized Crime
The New Ethnic Diversity in Organized Crime
Emerging Problems
Terrorism
Hate Crimes
Militias
Of Immediate Concern: An Epidemic of Hate Crimes?
Violence in Schools
Violence and Gun Control
The Extent of Firearm-Related Offenses
Youth and Guns
Controlling Handgun Use
From the Pages of The New York Times: Does the Brady Law Work?
The Gun-Control Debate
Review
Criminology & Public Policy
You Be the Criminologist
Key Terms
CHAPTER 11 Crimes against Property
Larceny
The Elements of Larceny
The Extent of Larceny
Who Are the Thieves?
Shoplifting
Art Theft
Motor Vehicle Theft
Boat Theft
Window to the World: Crime on the Oceans: Whose Problem?
Fraud
Obtaining Property by False Pretenses
Confidence Games and Frauds
Check Forgery
Credit Card Crimes
Insurance Fraud
High-Tech Crimes: Concerns for Today and Tomorrow
Characteristics of High-Tech Crimes
Of Immediate Concern: Insurance Fraud on the Rise: New Jersey's Experience
Computers and the Internet: Types of Crime
From the Pages of The New York Times: Whose Identity Is It Anyway?
Characteristics of the High-Tech Criminal
The Criminal Justice Problem
Burglary
Fencing: Receiving Stolen Property
Arson
Comparative Crime Rates
Review
Criminology & Public Policy
You Be the Criminologist
Key Terms
CHAPTER 12 White-Collar and Corporate Crime
Defining White-Collar Crime
Crimes Committed by Individuals
Types of White-Collar Crimes
Window to the World: Tracking Progress in the Fight against Corruption: The Emergence of a National Integrity System
From the Pages of The New York Times: Rave Reviews or Questionable Quotes? Deceptive Advertising Goes to the Movies
Corporate Crime
Frequency and Problems of Definition
Phases of Corporate Criminal Law
Theories of Corporate Liability
Models of Corporate Culpability
Governmental Control of Corporations
Investigating Corporate Crime
Environmental Crimes
Curbing Corporate Crime
Of Immediate Concern: Dangerous Ground: The World of Hazardous Waste Crime
The Future of White Collar and Corporate Crime
Review
Criminology & Public Policy
You Be the Criminologist
Key Terms
CHAPTER 13 Public order Crimes
Drug Abuse and Crime
The History of Drug Abuse
The Extent of Drug Abuse
Patterns of Drug Abuse
Crime-Related Activities
The International Drug Economy
Drug Control
From the Pages of The New York Times: One City Wonders: Can We Win the War on Drugs?
Alcohol and Crime
The History of Legalization
Crime-Related Activities
Sexual Morality Offenses
Deviate Sexual Intercourse by Force or Imposition
Prostitution
Pornography
Of Immediate Concern: Cyberporn: Problems and Controversies
Window to the World: Global Sexual Slavery: Women and Children
Review
Criminology & Public Policy
You Be the Criminologist
Key Terms
CHAPTER 14 International and Comparative Criminology
What Is Comparative Criminology?
The Definition of Comparative Criminology
The History of Comparative Criminology
The Goals of Comparative Research
Engaging in Comparative Criminological Research
Preparatory Work
Comparative Research
Comparative Research Tools and Resources
The Special Problems of Empirical Research
Theory Testing
Of Immediate Concern: Cross-Cultural Research: Smoking One's Way into Cheyenne Culture
Validation of Major Theories
The Socioeconomic Development Perspective
Practical Goals
Learning from Others' Experiences
From the Pages of The New York Times: The Youngest Victims of International Crime
Developing International Strategies
Window to the World: BCCI: International Fraud
Globalization versus Ethnic Fragmentation
Review
Criminology & Public Policy
You Be the Criminologist
Key Terms
PART IV A Criminological Approach to the Criminal Justice System
CHAPTER 15 Processes and Decisions
The Stages of the Criminal Justice Process
Entry into the System
Prosecution and Pretrial Services
Window to the World: Carlos the Jackal: No Place to Hide
Adjudication Decisions
Sentencing Decisions
Corrections Decisions
Diversion out of the System
Juvenile Justice
The Development of the Juvenile Justice System
Of Immediate Concern: In re Gault: The Demise of Parens Patriae
The Juvenile Justice Process
Victims and Criminal Justice
Victims' Rights
The Victim's Role in the Criminal Justice Process
From the Pages of The New York Times: The Rules of the Games
Review
Criminology & Public Policy
You Be the Criminologist
Key Terms
CHAPTER 16 Enforcing the Law: Practice and Research
The History of Policing
The English Heritage
Policing in the United States
Law Enforcement Agencies
Window to the World: Interpol: The International Criminal Police Organization
Federal Law Enforcement
Department of Homeland Security
State Police
County Police
Municipal Police
From the Pages of The New York Times: One Police Officer's Dilemma
Special-Purpose Police
Private Police
Command Structure
Operations Bureau: Patrol
Operations Bureau: Investigation
Specialized Units
Nonline Functions
Police Functions
Law Enforcement
Order Maintenance
Community Service
The Police and the Community
Community Policing
Police-Community Relations Programs
The Rule of Law in Law Enforcement
Constitutional Due Process
Civil Rights
Use of Deadly Force and Police Brutality
Of Immediate Concern: Fear of Crime Decreases Fear of Police Increases
Abuse of Discretion
Corruption
Police Officers and Their Lifestyle
Qualifications
Changing Composition of the Police Force
The Police Subculture
Review
Criminology & Public Policy
You Be the Criminologist
Key Terms
CHAPTER 17 The Nature and Functioning of Courts
The Origins of Courts
The U.S. Court System
State Courts
Federal Courts
Interaction between State Courts and Federal Courts
Lawyers in the Court System
The Role of the Trial Judge
Arraignment
Pretrial Motions
Release Decisions
Plea Bargaining
The Trial
Selecting the Jury: Voir Dire
The Proceedings
Jury Decision Making
Window to the World: Judging at the World Level
Sentencing: Today and Tomorrow
Incapacitation
Deterrence
Retribution
Rehabilitation
Model Penal Code Sentencing Goals
Just Deserts
Restorative Justice
Sentencing Limits and Guidelines
Of Immediate Concern: A New Crime: Hate; A New Punishment: Sentence Enhancement
Capital Punishment
The Deterrence Argument
The Discrimination Argument
Other Arguments
Trends in American Capital Punishment
From the Pages of The New York Times: Reflections on the Matter of Life and Death Sentencing
Review
Criminology & Public Policy
You Be the Criminologist
Key Terms
CHAPTER 18 A Research Focus on Corrections
Punishment and Corrections: A Historical Overview
From Antiquity to the Eighteenth Century
Punishment in the New World
The Reformatory Movement
The Medical Treatment Model
Community Involvement
The Prisoners' Rights Movement
Corrections Today
Types of Incarceration
Window to the World: Torture and Abuse in Prison: A Worldwide Problem
The Size and Cost of the Correctional Enterprise
The Problem of Overcrowding
Prison Culture and Society
Correctional Officers
From the Pages of The New York Times: Beyond the Conjugal Visit
Programs in Penal Institutions
Evaluation of Rehabilitation
Medical Problems: AIDS, TB, and Mental Illness
The Elderly Inmate
Women in Prison
Privatization of Corrections
Community Alternatives
Probation
Parole
The Search for Cost-Beneficial Alternatives
Of Immediate Concern: Boot Camp: A Military Option for Corrections
Evaluation of Community Alternatives
Review
Criminology & Public Policy
You Be the Criminologist
Key Terms
Notes
Glossary
Did You Know?
Photo Credits
Text/Illustration Credits
Index
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