In the seven years since the publication of the first edition of Sustainable Practices in Geoenvironmental Engineering, the combination of population growth and increased exploitation of renewable and non-renewable natural resources has added increased stresses on the quality and health of the geoenvironment. This is especially true when viewed in the context of the growing demand for food and shelter, energy and mineral resources, and their resultant effects on the natural capital of the geoenvironment. Completely revised and updated, this second edition of a bestseller introduces and discusses the concept of "stressors" and their impacts on the geoenvironment.See What's New in the Second Edition: * Clear definition of the geoenvironment * New tools and remediation technologies, new management methods for geohazards, and enhanced coverage of social and economic sustainability * Innovative approaches and techniques for reaching geoenvironmental sustainability * More detail on treatment technologies, both in situ and ex situ * Discussion on the mitigation of geodisasters * Additional sections to discuss sustainability assessment protocols * Updated information on models for prediction of contaminant behavior The authors explore the technologies that take into account targets, exposure routes (if applicable), future land use, acceptable risks, legislation, and resultant emissions/discharges in establishing the criteria and tools for evaluating technologies and protocols for environmental management of the impacted land.They then discuss how to choose the correct ones to use in different situations to protect the quality and health of natural resource and capital of the geoenvironment and ensure that these geoenvironmental natural resources and capital remain available for future generations and to develop innovative and sustainable techniques to make land more stable and safer.
Preface to the First Edition xvii
Preface to the Second Edition xxi
Authors xxiii
1 Geoenvironment Management and Sustainability 1 (30)
1.1 Introduction 1 (3)
1.1.1 Impacts on the Geoenvironment 2 (1)
1.1.2 Geoenvironment Impacts from Natural 3 (1)
Events and Disasters
1.1.3 Anthropogenic Forces and Impacts on 3 (1)
Geoenvironment
1.2 Geoenvironment, Ecosystems, and Resources 4 (2)
1.2.1 Ecozones and Ecosystems 5 (1)
1.2.2 Natural Resources and Biodiversity in 6 (1)
the Geoenvironment
1.3 Geoenvironment Sustainability 6 (12)
1.3.1 Geoenvironment as a Natural Resource 7 (2)
Base
1.3.2 Impacts on the Geoenvironment 9 (4)
1.3.2.1 Impacts due to Population Growth 9 (2)
1.3.2.2 Impacts from Natural Resource 11 (2)
Exploitation
1.3.3 Stressors and Sources 13 (5)
1.3.3.1 Natural Stressor Sources and 15 (1)
Stressors
1.3.3.2 Anthropogenic Stressor Sources 15 (3)
and Stressors
1.4 Geoenvironment Impacts on Soil and Water 18 (6)
Resources
1.4.1 Impacts on Land Mass and Soil 19 (1)
1.4.1.1 Soil Functionality and Indicators 19 (1)
1.4.2 Impacts on Water and Water Resources 20 (4)
1.5 Sustainability 24 (3)
1.5.1 Renewable and Nonrenewable 25 (1)
Geoenvironment Natural Resources
1.5.2 4Rs and Beyond 26 (1)
1.6 Concluding Remarks 27 (2)
References 29 (2)
2 Stressors and Soil Contamination 31 (42)
2.1 Introduction 31 (1)
2.2 Stressors and Impacts 31 (6)
2.2.1 Stressor Impacts on Soils 32 (3)
2.2.1.1 Hydraulic 32 (1)
2.2.1.2 Mechanical 33 (1)
2.2.1.3 Thermal 33 (1)
2.2.1.4 Chemical 34 (1)
2.2.1.5 Geochemical 34 (1)
2.2.1.6 Biologically Mediated 34 (1)
2.2.2 Soil Contamination from Chemical 35 (2)
Stressors
2.3 Contamination and Geoenvironmental Impacts 37 (8)
2.3.1 Reference Frame 38 (1)
2.3.2 Characterization of Geoenvironmental 39 (2)
Impacts
2.3.3 Identifying and Assessing for Impact 41 (2)
on the Geoenvironment
2.3.3.1 Stressor Sources 41 (1)
2.3.3.2 Nature of Impacts 41 (2)
2.3.4 Man-Made and Natural Combinations 43 (2)
2.4 Wastes, Contaminants, and Threats 45 (7)
2.4.1 Inorganic Contaminants 46 (4)
2.4.1.1 Arsenic (As) 46 (1)
2.4.1.2 Cadmium (Cd) 47 (1)
2.4.1.3 Chromium (Cr) 47 (1)
2.4.1.4 Copper (Cu) 48 (1)
2.4.1.5 Lead (Pb) 48 (1)
2.4.1.6 Nickel (Ni) 49 (1)
2.4.1.7 Zinc (Zn) 49 (1)
2.4.2 Organic Chemical Contaminants 50 (2)
2.4.2.1 Persistent Organic Chemical 52 (1)
Pollutants
2.5 Surface and Subsurface Soils 52 (9)
2.5.1 Soil as a Resource Material 52 (1)
2.5.2 Nature of Soils 53 (3)
2.5.3 Soil Composition 56 (1)
2.5.3.1 Primary Minerals 56 (1)
2.5.3.2 Secondary Minerals 56 (1)
2.5.3.3 Soil Organic Matter 56 (1)
2.5.3.4 Oxides and Hydrous Oxides 56 (1)
2.5.3.5 Carbonates and Sulfates 57 (1)
2.5.4 Soil Properties Pertinent to 57 (3)
Contaminant Transport and Fate
2.5.4.1 Specific Surface Area and Cation 58 (2)
Exchange Capacity
2.5.5 Surface Properties 60 (1)
2.6 Contaminant Transport and Land 61 (6)
Contamination
2.6.1 Mechanisms of Interaction of Heavy 61 (2)
Metal Contaminants in Soil
2.6.2 Chemically Reactive Groups of Organic 63 (2)
Chemical Contaminants
2.6.3 Partitioning of Contaminants and 65 (2)
Partition Coefficients
2.6.4 Predicting Contaminant Transport 67 (1)
2.7 Geoenvironmental Land Management 67 (2)
2.8 Concluding Remarks 69 (1)
References 70 (3)
3 Sustainable Water Management 73 (36)
3.1 Introduction 73 (1)
3.1.1 Geoenvironment Sustainable Water 73 (1)
Management
3.1.1.1 Water Availability and Quality 74 (1)
3.2 Uses of Water and Its Importance 74 (5)
3.2.1 Hydrological Cycle 75 (2)
3.2.1.1 Human Interference on 76 (1)
Infiltration and Runoff
3.2.2 Harvesting of Groundwater 77 (2)
3.2.2.1 Excessive Groundwater Abstraction 78 (1)
and Land Subsidence
3.2.2.2 Uses of Water 78 (1)
3.3 Water Quality Characterization and 79 (10)
Management
3.3.1 Classes of Contaminants 79 (4)
Characterizing Chemical Stressors
3.3.2 Monitoring of Water Quality 83 (6)
3.3.2.1 Remote Sensing 86 (2)
3.3.2.2 Biomonitoring 88 (1)
3.4 Sustainable Water Treatment and Management 89 (15)
3.4.1 Techniques for Soil and Groundwater 90 (11)
Treatment
3.4.1.1 Isolation and Containment 90 (1)
3.4.1.2 Extraction Treatment Techniques 91 (2)
3.4.1.3 Electrokinetic Applications 93 (1)
3.4.1.4 Natural Attenuation 93 (2)
3.4.1.5 Biostimulation 95 (1)
3.4.1.6 Bioaugmentation 95 (1)
3.4.1.7 Enhanced Natural Attenuation 96 (1)
3.4.1.8 In Situ Reactive 96 (1)
Regions裕reatment Zones
3.4.1.9 Permeable Reactive Barriers 97 (2)
3.4.1.10 Ex Situ Processes 99 (2)
3.4.2 Groundwater and Water Management 101 (9)
3.4.2.1 Evaluation of the Sustainability 102 (2)
of Remediation Alternatives
3.5 Concluding Remarks 104 (1)
References 105 (4)
4 Industrial Ecology and the Geoenvironment 109 (30)
4.1 Introduction 109 (1)
4.2 Concept of Industrial Ecology 110 (3)
4.2.1 Geoenvironmental Life Cycle Assessment 110 (2)
4.2.2 Geoenvironment Impacts and 112 (1)
Sustainability
4.3 Upstream, Midstream, and Downstream 113 (2)
Industries
4.4 Mineral Mining and Processing Downstream 115 (7)
Industries
4.4.1 Metallurgical Industries 115 (3)
4.4.1.1 Metal Fabrication and Processing 116 (2)
4.4.2 Nonmetal Mineral Resources Processing 118 (2)
4.4.3 Land Environment Impacts and 120 (2)
Sustainability Indicators
4.5 Agroprocessing Industries 122 (5)
4.5.1 Leather Tanning Industry 124 (1)
4.5.2 Pulp and Paper Industry 125 (1)
4.5.3 Palm Oil Industries 126 (1)
4.5.4 Land Environment Impact and 127 (1)
Sustainability Indicators
4.6 Petrochemical and Chemical Industries 127 (2)
4.6.1 Petrochemical Industries 127 (1)
4.6.2 Chemical Industries 128 (1)
4.6.2.1 Stressors and Impacts on 129 (1)
Geoenvironment
4.6.3 Land Environment Impacts and 129 (1)
Sustainability Indicators
4.7 Service Industries 129 (1)
4.7.1 Hospital Wastes and the Geoenvironment 130 (1)
4.8 Energy Production and the Geoenvironment 130 (3)
4.8.1 Fossil Fuel Energy Production 130 (1)
4.8.1.1 Geoenvironment Stressors 131 (1)
4.8.2 Nuclear Energy 131 (2)
4.8.3 Alternative Energy Sources and the 133 (1)
Geoenvironment
4.9 Contaminating Discharges and Wastes 133 (3)
4.9.1 Physicochemical Properties and 135 (5)
Processes
4.9.1.1 Solubility 135 (1)
4.9.1.2 Partition Coefficients 135 (1)
4.9.1.3 Vapor Pressure 136 (1)
4.10 Concluding Remarks 136 (2)
References 138 (1)
5 Natural Resources Extraction: Stressors and 139 (38)
Impact Management
5.1 Introduction 139 (1)
5.2 Stressors and Impacts 140 (9)
5.2.1 Mining-Related Activities 140 (1)
5.2.2 Biohydrometallurgical Processes 141 (3)
5.2.3 Underground In Situ Hydrocarbon 144 (1)
Extraction
5.2.4 Sulfide Minerals and Acidic Leachates 145 (3)
5.2.4.1 Acid Mine Drainage 145 (2)
5.2.4.2 Arsenic Release 147 (1)
5.2.5 Sustainability and Resource 148 (1)
Exploitation
5.3 Resource Extraction and Stressor Impacts 149 (7)
5.3.1 Mining-Related Industries 150 (5)
5.3.1.1 Pit Mining 150 (1)
5.3.1.2 Discharges from Beneficiation and 150 (2)
Processing: Stressor Sources
5.3.1.3 Solid Waste Materials and 152 (2)
Stressors
5.3.1.4 Liquid Waste Streams, Discharge, 154 (1)
and Stressors
5.3.2 Underground In Situ Hydrocarbon 155 (1)
Extraction
5.3.2.1 Fluid Usage and Stressors 155 (1)
5.4 Tailings Discharges 156 (6)
5.4.1 Containment of Tailings 156 (4)
5.4.2 Nature of Contained Slurry Tailings 160 (2)
5.5 Geoenvironment Impacts and Management 162 (10)
5.5.1 Geoenvironmental Inventory and Land 162 (2)
Use
5.5.2 Acid Mine Drainage Impact Mitigation 164 (4)
5.5.2.1 Acid Mine Drainage Management 165 (1)
5.5.2.2 Wetlands 166 (1)
5.5.2.3 Biosorption 167 (1)
5.5.3 Slurry Tailings Ponds Impact 168 (4)
Management
5.6 Concluding Remarks 172 (1)
5.6.1 Mining Activities 172 (1)
5.6.2 Contaminated Water Management 172 (1)
5.6.3 Tailings Discharge and Mine Closure 173 (1)
References 173 (4)
6 Agricultural-Based Food Production 177 (42)
Geoenvironment Stressors
6.1 Introduction 177 (2)
6.1.1 Food Production 177 (1)
6.1.2 Geoenvironment Engineering: 178 (1)
Sustainable Issues
6.2 Land Use for Food Production 179 (2)
6.3 Stressor Impacts on Water and Soil 181 (7)
6.3.1 Water Utilization 181 (1)
6.3.2 Soil and Water Quality Stressors 182 (6)
6.3.2.1 Chemical Soil Nutrients 182 (3)
6.3.2.2 Pesticides 185 (3)
6.4 Food Production Stressor Impacts 188 (3)
6.4.1 Impact on Health 189 (1)
6.4.2 Impact on Biodiversity 189 (2)
6.5 Managing Geoenvironment Stressor Impacts 191 (11)
6.5.1 Examples of Practices to Reduce 191 (4)
Stressor Impacts
6.5.1.1 Soil Degradation 191 (1)
6.5.1.2 Soil Erosion 192 (1)
6.5.1.3 Integrated Crop Management 192 (1)
6.5.1.4 Water Quality 193 (1)
6.5.1.5 Source Control 194 (1)
6.5.2 Impact of Soil Additives 195 (2)
6.5.3 Mitigating Manure Treatment 197 (5)
Stressors' Impacts
6.5.3.1 Aerobic Composting 197 (1)
6.5.3.2 Anaerobic Digestion 198 (1)
6.5.3.3 Wetlands 199 (1)
6.5.3.4 Integrated Manure Treatment 199 (3)
6.6 Tools for Evaluation of Geoenviroment 202 (8)
Impacts from Farming Stressor Sources
6.6.1 Agricultural Sustainability 202 (2)
6.6.2 Development of Analytical Tools 204 (3)
6.6.3 Indicators of Agroecosystem 207 (3)
Sustainability
6.7 Concluding Remarks 210 (1)
References 211 (8)
7 Urbanization and the Geoenvironment 219 (46)
7.1 Introduction 219 (1)
7.2 Land Uses by Urbanization 220 (1)
7.3 Impact of Urbanization on WEHAB 221 (12)
7.3.1 Impact on Water 221 (2)
7.3.2 Effect of Traffic and Energy Use 223 (2)
7.3.3 Implications on Health 225 (1)
7.3.4 Impact of Land Use 225 (1)
7.3.5 Impact of Urban Waste Disposal 226 (6)
7.3.6 Greenhouse Gases 232 (1)
7.3.7 Impact on Ecosystem Biodiversity 232 (1)
7.4 Impact Avoidance and Risk Minimization 233 (13)
7.4.1 Waste Management 233 (7)
7.4.1.1 Contamination Management and 233 (2)
Prevention
7.4.1.2 Waste Reduction 235 (2)
7.4.1.3 Recycling 237 (3)
7.4.2 Water Resources Management 240 (1)
7.4.3 Reduction in Energy Usage, Ozone 241 (1)
Depletion, and Greenhouse Gases
7.4.4 Minimizing Impact on Biodiversity 242 (1)
7.4.5 Altering Transportation 242 (1)
7.4.6 Brownfield Redevelopment 242 (2)
7.4.7 Sustainability Indicators for 244 (2)
Urbanization
7.5 Mitigation and Remediation of Impacts 246 (14)
7.5.1 Mitigation of Impact of Wastes 246 (8)
7.5.1.1 Fresh Kills Urban Dump, New York 247 (1)
City, New York, USA
7.5.1.2 Vertical Barriers and Containment 248 (1)
7.5.1.3 Excavation 249 (1)
7.5.1.4 Landfill Bioreactor 249 (2)
7.5.1.5 Natural Attenuation 251 (3)
7.5.2 Remediation of Urban Sites 254 (11)
7.5.2.1Case Study of a Sustainable Urban 259 (1)
Area
7.6 Concluding Remarks 260 (1)
References 260 (5)
8 Coastal Marine Environment Sustainability 265 (42)
8.1 Introduction 265 (1)
8.2 Coastal Marine Environment and Impacts 265 (6)
8.2.1 Geosphere and Hydrosphere Coastal 265 (1)
Marine Environment
8.2.2 Sedimentation 266 (1)
8.2.3 Eutrophication 266 (1)
8.2.4 Food Chain and Biological 267 (1)
Concentration
8.2.5 Contamination of Sediments 268 (4)
8.2.5.1 Some Case Studies of Sediment 269 (1)
Contamination
8.2.5.2 Sediment Quality Criteria 270 (1)
8.3 London Convention and Protocol 271 (1)
8.4 Quality of Marine Sediments 272 (15)
8.4.1 Standards and Guidelines 273 (1)
8.4.1.1 Guidelines 273 (1)
8.4.1.2 Chemicals 273 (1)
8.4.2 Background and Bioconcentration 273 (3)
8.4.2.1 Background Concentration 273 (3)
8.4.3 Sulfide and Its Effects on Marine Life 276 (2)
8.4.3.1 Toxic Sulfide 276 (2)
8.4.3.2 Guidelines for Sulfide for 278 (1)
Surface Water and Sediments
8.4.4 Connecting Problems of Geoenvironment 278 (3)
and Bioenvironment
8.4.5 Heavy Metals 281 (5)
8.4.5.1 Profile of Heavy Metal 282 (3)
Concentration
8.4.5.2 Minamata Disease 285 (1)
8.4.6 Organic Chemical Contaminants 286 (1)
8.4.6.1 Organotins 286 (1)
8.4.6.2 Chlorinated Organic 286 (1)
Microcontaminants
8.5 Rehabilitation of Coastal Marine 287 (10)
Environment
8.5.1 Removal of Contaminated Suspended 291 (2)
Solids
8.5.1.1 Confined Sea Areas 291 (1)
8.5.1.2 Large Bodies of Water 292 (1)
8.5.1.3 Continuous Removal of Suspended 292 (1)
Solids
8.5.2 Sand Capping 293 (2)
8.5.3 Removal of Contaminated Sediments by 295 (1)
Dredging
8.5.3.1 Dredging 295 (1)
8.5.3.2 Treatment of Dredged Sediments 295 (1)
8.5.4 Removal of Contaminated Sediments by 296 (1)
Resuspension
8.6 Creation of a Natural Purification System 297 (2)
8.6.1 Creation of Sand Beaches and Tidal 297 (1)
Flats
8.6.2 Creation of Seaweed Swards 297 (2)
8.7 Sea Disposal of Waste 299 (1)
8.8 Coastal Erosion 300 (2)
8.9 Concluding Remarks 302 (1)
References 303 (4)
9 Contaminants and Land Environment 307 (46)
Sustainability Indicators
9.1 Introduction 307 (1)
9.2 Indicators 308 (6)
9.2.1 Nature of Indicators 308 (3)
9.2.2 Contaminants and Geoenvironment 311 (1)
Indicators
9.2.3 Prescribing Indicators 311 (3)
9.3 Assessment of Interaction Impacts 314 (5)
9.3.1 Sustainability Concerns 314 (1)
9.3.2 Surface Discharge: Hydrological 315 (2)
Drainage, Spills, and Dumping
9.3.3 Subsurface Discharges 317 (2)
9.4 Contaminant Transport and Fate 319 (9)
9.4.1 Analytical and Predictive Tools 319 (3)
9.4.2 Basic Elements of Interactions 322 (1)
between Dissolved Solutes and Soil Fractions
9.4.3 Elements of Abiotic Reactions between 323 (2)
Organic Chemicals and Soil Fractions
9.4.4 Reactions in Porewater 325 (3)
9.5 Surface Complexation and Partitioning 328 (7)
9.5.1 Partitioning of Inorganic Contaminants 328 (3)
9.5.2 Organic Chemical Contaminants 331 (4)
9.6 Persistence and Fate 335 (4)
9.6.1 Biotransformation and Degradation of 336 (3)
Organic Chemicals and Heavy Metals
9.6.1.1 Alkanes, Alkenes, and Cycloalkanes 338 (1)
9.6.1.2 Polycyclic, Polynuclear Aromatic 338 (1)
Hydrocarbons
9.6.1.3 Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, 338 (1)
and Xylene
9.6.1.4 Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether 338 (1)
9.6.1.5 Halogenated Aliphatic and 339 (1)
Aromatic Compounds
9.6.1.6 Heavy Metals 339 (1)
9.7 Prediction of Transport and Fate of 339 (9)
Contaminants
9.7.1 Mass Transport 340 (4)
9.7.2 Transport Prediction 344 (2)
9.7.2.1 Chemical Reactions and Transport 345 (1)
Predictions
9.7.3 Geochemical Speciation and Transport 346 (2)
Predictions
9.8 Concluding Remarks 348 (1)
References 349 (4)
10 Geoenvironment Impact Mitigation and 353 (50)
Management
10.1 Introduction 353 (1)
10.1.1 Geoenvironmental Impacts 353 (1)
10.1.1.1 Types of Stressors 353 (1)
10.1.1.2 Impact Mitigation and Management 353 (1)
10.2 Site Functionality and Restoration 354 (3)
10.2.1 Site Functionality 355 (1)
10.2.1.1 Choice and Use of Attributes 355 (1)
10.2.2 Site Restoration 356 (1)
10.3 Stressor Impacts and Mitigation 357 (3)
10.3.1 Geo-Disaster Mitigation and 357 (4)
Protection
10.3.1.1 Naturally Occurring Events 358 (1)
10.3.1.2 Anthropogenic Actions 359 (1)
10.4 Chemical Stressors: Contaminants 360 (1)
10.5 Soils for Contaminant Impact Mitigation 361 (11)
and Management
10.5.1 Physical and Mechanical Properties 362 (6)
10.5.1.1 Soil Microstructure Controls on 363 (4)
Hydraulic Transmission
10.5.1.2 Microstructure, Wetted Surfaces, 367 (1)
and Transport Properties
10.5.2 Chemical Properties 368 (3)
10.5.2.1 Sorption 368 (1)
10.5.2.2 Cation Exchange 368 (1)
10.5.2.3 Solubility and Precipitation 369 (2)
10.5.2.4 Speciation and Complexation 371 (1)
10.5.3 Biological Properties 371 (1)
10.5.3.1 Protozoa 371 (1)
10.5.3.2 Fungi 371 (1)
10.5.3.3 Algae 372 (1)
10.5.3.4 Viruses 372 (1)
10.5.3.5 Bacteria 372 (1)
10.6 Natural Attenuation Capability of Soils 372 (9)
10.6.1 Natural Attenuation by Dilution and 374 (2)
Retention
10.6.1.1 Dilution and Retention 374 (2)
10.6.2 Biodegradation and Biotransformation 376 (5)
10.6.2.1 Petroleum Hydrocarbons: Alkanes, 377 (1)
Alkenes, and Cycloalkanes
10.6.2.2 Gasoline Components BTEX and MTBE 378 (1)
10.6.2.3 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 378 (1)
10.6.2.4 Halogenated Aliphatic and 378 (1)
Aromatic Compounds
10.6.2.5 Metals 379 (1)
10.6.2.6 Oxidation由eduction Reactions 380 (1)
10.7 Natural Attenuation and Impact Management 381 (7)
10.7.1 Enhancement of Natural Attenuation 383 (2)
Capability
10.7.1.1 Soil Buffering Capacity 383 (1)
Manipulation
10.7.1.2 Biostimulation and 384 (1)
Bioaugmentation
10.7.1.3 Biochemical and Biogeochemical 384 (1)
Aids
10.7.2 NA Treatment Zones for Impact 385 (3)
Mitigation
10.7.2.1 Permeable Reactive Barriers and 386 (2)
NA
10.8 Lines of Evidence 388 (4)
10.8.1 Organic Chemical Compounds 389 (1)
10.8.2 Metals 390 (2)
10.9 Evidence of Success 392 (2)
10.10 Engineered Mitigation佑ontrol Systems 394 (3)
10.10.1 Remediation as Control柚anagement 396 (1)
10.11 Concluding Remarks 397 (3)
References 400 (3)
11 Remediation and Management of Contaminated 403 (38)
Soil
11.1 Introduction 403 (1)
11.2 Physical Remediation Technologies 404 (2)
11.2.1 Isolation 404 (1)
11.2.2 Confined Disposal 405 (1)
11.3 Extraction Processes 406 (5)
11.3.1 Physical Separation 406 (1)
11.3.2 Soil Vapor Extraction 406 (1)
11.3.3 Fracturing 407 (1)
11.3.4 Soil Flushing 408 (1)
11.3.5 Soil Washing 409 (2)
11.4 Chemical/Thermal Remediation 411 (9)
11.4.1 Oxidation 411 (1)
11.4.2 Nanoremediation 412 (1)
11.4.3 Electrokinetic Remediation 413 (1)
11.4.4 Solidification/Stabilization 414 (2)
11.4.5 Vitrification 416 (2)
11.4.6 Incineration 418 (1)
11.4.7 Thermal Extraction 419 (1)
11.5 Biological Remediation 420 (8)
11.5.1 Slurry Reactors 420 (1)
11.5.2 Landfarming 421 (2)
11.5.3 Composting 423 (1)
11.5.4 Bioleaching 424 (1)
11.5.5 Bioconversion Processes 425 (1)
11.5.6 Phytoremediation 425 (1)
11.5.7 In Situ Bioremediation 426 (1)
11.5.8 Bioventing 427 (1)
11.6 Comparison between Treatment Technologies 428 (9)
11.6.1 Treatment Technologies Overview 428 (2)
11.6.2 Design of a Remediation Process 430 (3)
11.6.3 Case Study Using a Sustainability 433 (8)
Approach
11.6.3.1 Case Study for a 434 (3)
Benzene-Contaminated Site
11.7 Concluding Remarks 437 (1)
References 437 (4)
12 Sustainable Ground Improvement Technique for 441 (22)
Geo-Disaster Mitigation
12.1 Introduction 441 (1)
12.2 Soil Origin and Stability 441 (3)
12.2.1 Soft Soils and Stability 443 (1)
12.2.2 Soft Soil Engineering and Ground 443 (1)
Improvement
12.3 Carbonate Diagenesis: Carbonate as a 444 (7)
Cementing Agent
12.3.1 Definition of Carbonate Diagenesis 444 (1)
12.3.2 Origin and Fate of Carbonates 444 (2)
12.3.2.1 Sea Bottoms and Ocean Floors 444 (1)
12.3.2.2 Coral Reef and Shells in Coastal 445 (1)
Areas
12.3.2.3 Microbially Induced Carbonates 445 (1)
12.3.3 Formation of Sedimentary Rock due to 446 (2)
Carbonate Diagenesis
12.3.4 Formations of Carbonate Nodules and 448 (1)
Sandstones
12.3.5 Calcirudite 449 (1)
12.3.6 Carbonate Diagenesis Summary 450 (1)
12.3.6.1 The Case for Using Diagenetic 450 (1)
Process in Ground Improvement
12.4 Artificial Diagenesis 451 (2)
12.4.1 Microbes 452 (1)
12.4.2 Ureolytic Bacteria 452 (1)
12.4.3 Chemical Reactions in Artificial 452 (2)
Diagenesis
12.4.3.1 Urease Activity 452 (1)
12.4.3.2 Carbonate Precipitation 453 (1)
12.5 Definition and Measurement of Carbonate 453 (1)
Content
12.6 Artificial Diagenesis for Geo-Disaster 454 (5)
Mitigation
12.6.1 Injection of Microbes and Reactive 454 (1)
Solution
12.6.2 Increased Strength due to Artificial 455 (4)
Diagenesis
12.6.2.1 Unconfined Compressive Strength 455 (1)
12.6.2.2 Triaxial Compressive Strength 456 (2)
12.6.2.3 Cone Penetration Resistance 458 (1)
12.6.3 Concepts in Design 459 (1)
12.7 Concluding Remarks 459 (1)
References 460 (3)
13 Sustainable Geoenvironmental Engineering 463 (44)
Practice
13.1 Introduction 463 (1)
13.1.1 Undeniable Facts 463 (1)
13.1.2 Geotechnical to Geoenvironmental 464 (1)
Engineering Practice
13.2 Unsustainable Actions and Events 464 (4)
13.2.1 Accidents and Unplanned Events 465 (1)
13.2.2 Wastes and Discharges 466 (2)
13.3 Renewable Geoenvironment Natural 468 (7)
Resources
13.3.1 Sustainability of Renewable 469 (1)
Nonliving Natural Resources
13.3.2 Geoenvironmental Management of Soil 470 (5)
and Water Resources
13.3.2.1 Adverse Stressor Impacts 471 (1)
13.3.2.2 Management for Sustainability 472 (2)
Goals
13.3.2.3 Protection of Soil and Water 474 (1)
Resources
13.4 Water and Soil Quality Indicators 475 (4)
13.4.1 Quality and Index 475 (4)
13.4.1.1 Example of SQI Development 476 (2)
13.4.1.2 Water Quality Index WQI 478 (1)
13.5 Sustainability Practice Examples 479 (13)
13.5.1 Rehabilitation of Airport Land 479 (2)
13.5.1.1 Sustainability Indicators: 480 (1)
Observations and Comments
13.5.2 Sustainable Mining Land Conversion 481 (2)
13.5.2.1 Sustainability Indicators: 483 (1)
Observations and Comments
13.5.3 Agriculture Sustainability Study 483 (2)
13.5.3.1 Sustainability Indicators: 485 (1)
Observations and Comments
13.5.4 Petroleum Oil Well Redevelopment 485 (2)
13.5.4.1 Sustainability Indicators: 487 (1)
Observations and Comments
13.5.5 Mining and Geoenvironmental 487 (3)
Sustainability
13.5.5.1 Sustainability Indicators: 490 (1)
Observations and Comments
13.5.6 Organic Urban Waste Management in 490 (2)
Europe
13.5.7 Sediment Reuse: Orion Project, Port 492 (1)
of New York and New Jersey
13.6 A Case Study Scheme for Sustainable 492 (9)
Geoenvironment Practice: Remediation of
Cesium-Contaminated Surface Soils
13.6.1 Introduction and Problem Setting 492 (1)
13.6.2 Rehabilitation Schemes 493 (1)
13.6.3 Segregation of Particles in Water 494 (3)
13.6.4 Technological Images 497 (4)
13.6.4.1 Demonstration Pilot Tests on 497 (3)
Contaminated Sediments and Soils
13.6.4.2 Full-Scale Application 500 (1)
13.6.4.3 Assessment of Sustainable 500 (1)
Practice Success
13.7 Concluding Remarks: Sensible Practice 501 (1)
for a Sustainable Geoenvironment
References 502 (5)
Index 507
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