This text addresses the common negative perception of polymer materials on the environment with a thorough analysis of what really occurs when industry and academia collaborate to find environmental solutions. The book examines the environmental and social effects of polymer materials and explains methods of quantifying environmental performance. With an emphasis on the importance of education, the authors stress the importance of awareness and activity in negating polymers' environmental impact.
Preface xiii
Introduction xv
Chapter 1 Some Notes On Two Controversies 1 (12)
Around Plastic Materials And Their Media
Coverage
Laura Maxim
1.1 Introduction 1 (1)
1.2 Socio-political aspects of the two 1 (4)
controversies in the scientific literature
1.3 Plastics in the French media: a small 5 (5)
sample
1.3.1 The written press: endocrine 6 (1)
disruption
1.3.2 Plastics in general 7 (2)
1.3.3 An analysis of two television 9 (1)
documentaries
1.4 Conclusion 10 (1)
1.5 Appendix: equations of research to 11 (1)
identify the "plastic" corpus
1.6 Bibliography 11 (2)
Chapter 2 Plastic Waste And The Environment 13 (14)
Claude Duval
2.1 Introduction: waste and the environment 13 (1)
2.2 The end of life of plastic parts 13 (11)
2.2.1 Reduction at source 13 (2)
2.2.2 Hierarchy of choice of valorization 15 (2)
2.2.3 Inventory 17 (1)
2.2.4 Specific difficulties with the 18 (1)
physical recycling of plastics
2.2.5 The recycling chain 18 (2)
2.2.6 Physical recycling in solution 20 (1)
2.2.7 The use of recycled materials 21 (1)
2.2.8 Chemical recycling 21 (1)
2.2.9 Energetic valorization 22 (1)
2.2.10 Landfilling 23 (1)
2.3 Conclusion 24 (1)
2.4 Bibliography 24 (3)
Chapter 3 Polymers And Marine Litter 27 (22)
François Galgani
3.1 Introduction 27 (1)
3.2 The cycle of litter at sea 28 (7)
3.2.1 Methods 28 (2)
3.2.2 Nature and quantity of litter 30 (1)
reaching the sea
3.2.3 Sources 31 (2)
3.2.4 Fate and distribution 33 (1)
3.2.5 Oceanic convergence zone 34 (1)
3.3 The degradation of litter at sea 35 (2)
3.4 The effect of marine litter on the 37 (3)
environment
3.5 Socio-economic aspects 40 (5)
3.5.1 Legal aspects (laws, conventions 40 (3)
and directives)
3.5.2 Initiatives 43 (2)
3.5.3 Understanding and educating 45 (1)
3.6 Conclusion 45 (1)
3.7 Acknowledgment 46 (1)
3.8 Bibliography 46 (3)
Chapter 4 Between Prejudice And Realities: How 49 (16)
Plastics Are Essential For The Future
Michel Loubry
4.1 From a gloomy picture to a solution for 49 (5)
the future
4.1.1 An antiplastic crisis with often 49 (1)
paradoxical consequences
4.1.2 The world as it is... 2030 50 (2)
4.1.3 Vital qualities of plastics 52 (2)
4.2 Engineering polymers: what is 54 (4)
wonderful, what is reassuring?
4.2.1 Plastics and their ignored 54 (1)
positives effects on the preservation of
the environment
4.2.2 Lightweight plastic, a quality that 55 (1)
induces environmental performance
4.2.3 When plastics protect us 56 (1)
4.2.4 How plastics will prevail in the 56 (1)
future energy solution9
4.2.5 Plastics at the heart of 57 (1)
technological advancement
4.3 Plastic industries: progress to be made 58 (5)
4.3.1 Environmental issues, the European 58 (1)
plastics industrials acts
4.3.2 From polluting plastics to 59 (1)
non-disposable plastics
4.3.3 Recycling and valorization: the 60 (1)
French cultural handicap
4.3.4 Bisphenol A or how to spread 61 (1)
anxiety and misinformation
4.3.5 Bioplastics: from advertising to 62 (1)
reality
4.4 Conclusion 63 (1)
4.5 Bibliography 63 (2)
Chapter 5 Lifecycle Assessment And Green 65 (26)
Chemistry: A Look At Innovative Tools For
Sustainable Development
Sylvain Caillol
5.1 Contextual element 65 (4)
5.1.1 The chemical industry mobilized to 65 (2)
deal with global upsets
5.1.2 New stresses being exerted on 67 (2)
industrial chemistry
5.2 Lifecycle assessment, as an eco-design 69 (9)
tool: definitions and concepts
5.2.1 Eco-design: some definitions 69 (1)
5.2.2 Lifecycle assessment: definitions 70 (2)
and concept
5.2.3 Definition of the goals and scope 72 (1)
of the lifecycle assessment
5.2.4 Lifecycle inventory analysis 73 (1)
5.2.5 Lifecycle impact assessment 74 (1)
5.2.6 Lifecycle interpretation 75 (3)
5.3 Green chemistry and eco-design 78 (1)
5.4 Limitations of the tool 79 (6)
5.4.1 Importance of the hypotheses 81 (2)
5.4.2 Relevance of the inventory data 83 (1)
5.4.3 Influence of rules of allocation 84 (1)
5.4.4 The choice to recycle 84 (1)
5.5 Conclusions: the future of eco-design 85 (2)
5.6 Bibliography 87 (4)
Chapter 6 Are Bioplastics "Green" Plastics' 91 (18)
Olivier Talon
6.1 Introduction 91 (1)
6.2 Bioplastics and LCA ? some basic points 92 (6)
6.2.1 Overview of methods used and 92 (5)
results obtained
6.2.2 Limitations of the LCA methodology 97 (1)
for the study of bioplastics
6.2.3 Advantage to an additional 98 (1)
qualitative approach
6.3 Bioplastics in light of the 12 98 (7)
commandments of green chemistry
6.3.1 The twelve principles of green 98 (1)
chemistry: a reference framework
6.3.2 Examples of use of this referential 99 (5)
framework
6.3.3 Practical case study: Bio-PET, 104 (1)
decryption of a communication and avenues
for improvement
6.4 Conclusion 105 (1)
6.5 Bibliography 105 (4)
6.5.1 Websites 107 (2)
Chapter 7 Environmental Characterization Of 109 (10)
Materials For Product Design
Stéphane Le Pochat
Arnaud Roquesalane
7.1 Introduction 109 (1)
7.2 Environmental characterization for a 110 (7)
drink container
7.2.1 Description of the case study 110 (1)
7.2.2 Characterization of materials by LCA 110 (7)
7.3 Suggested indicators for the materials 117 (1)
considered in this example
7.4 Conclusion 117 (1)
7.5 Bibliography 118 (1)
Chapter 8 Choice Of Materials And Environmental 119 (36)
Impact: Case Of A Water Bottle
Rémi Deterre
8.1 Introduction 119 (1)
8.2 Functional analysis 120 (4)
8.2.1 Functional analysis of a bottle 120 (4)
8.3 Choice of materials 124 (14)
8.3.1 Expression of the specifications 124 (5)
8.3.2 List of properties relating to 129 (9)
choice of material
8.4 Suitability for processing 138 (9)
8.5 Integration of an environmental 147 (4)
criterion
8.6 Conclusion 151 (2)
8.7 Appendix: modeling of cost index [ESA 153 (1)
03]
8.8 Bibliography 154 (1)
Chapter 9 Formulation And Development Of 155 (46)
Biodegradable And Bio-Based Multiphase
Materials: Plasticized Starch-Based Materials
Luc Av駻ous
9.1 Introduction 155 (2)
9.2 Biodegradable polymers 157 (16)
9.2.1 Concepts: biodegradability and 157 (3)
renewal
9.2.2 Classifications of biodegradable 160 (1)
polymers
9.2.3 The case of biodegradable polyesters 161 (10)
9.2.4 Agro-polymers 171 (2)
9.3 Plasticized starch 173 (7)
9.3.1 General points 173 (1)
9.3.2 Implementation and rheology of 174 (2)
plasticized starch
9.3.3 Behavior of plasticized starch in 176 (2)
the solid state
9.3.4 Issues and strategies 178 (2)
9.4 Biodegradable multiphase systems based 180 (11)
on plasticized starch
9.4.1 Structures of plasticized 180 (1)
starch-based multiphase systems
9.4.2 Plasticized starch-based blends 180 (3)
9.4.3 Plasticized starch-based multilayers 183 (2)
9.4.4 Plasticized starch-based composites 185 (1)
9.4.5 The case of plasticized 186 (5)
starch-based nanobiocomposites
9.5 Acknowledgments 191 (1)
9.6 Bibliography 191 (10)
Chapter 10 Different Strategies For Ecoplastics 201 (44)
Development
Jean-François Feller
10.1 Introduction 201 (1)
10.2 General points about the lifecycle of 201 (1)
plastics
10.3 Energy 202 (2)
10.4 Material 204 (5)
10.4.1 Minimizing waste 204 (1)
10.4.2 Favoring sustainable and renewable 205 (4)
10.5 The solution of ecoplastics 209 (1)
10.6 Scenario with compostable ecoplastic 210 (11)
10.6.1 Creation of a mixture of 210 (8)
biodegradable polymers
10.6.2 Characterization of starch/PCL 218 (3)
mixtures
10.7 Scenario with a recyclable ecoplastic 221 (18)
10.7.1 Sources of plastic waste 221 (2)
10.7.2 Concept of recyclability 223 (1)
10.7.3 Recyclability of bisphenol A 223 (7)
poly(carbonate) waste
10.7.4 Bonding of rubber and 230 (4)
poly(carbonate) waste
10.7.5 Upgrading of waste for a 234 (5)
higher-level application
10.8 Conclusion 239 (1)
10.9 Acknowledgments 239 (1)
10.10 Bibliography 240 (5)
Chapter 11 Thoughts About Plastic Recycling. 245 (12)
Presentation Of A Concrete Example: End-Of-Life
Polypropylene
Frédéric Viot
11.1 Why do we use plastics 245 (1)
11.2 What are the regulations governing the 246 (4)
"end of life" of plastics?
11.2.1 Compounding of collected plastic 249 (1)
11.2.2 Tools for working with recycled 250 (1)
plastics
11.3 Armed with these observations, how did 250 (4)
we proceed?
11.3.1 List of problems encountered 252 (2)
11.4 Conclusion 254 (3)
Chapter 12 Recyclable And Bio-Based Materials 257 (16)
Open Up New Prospects For Polymers: Scientific
And Social Aspects
Valérie Massardier
12.1 Introduction 257 (3)
12.2 Resources 260 (6)
12.2.1 Mechanical recycling with energy 260 (4)
recovery
12.2.2 Bio-based polymers 264 (2)
12.3 Social acceptability of recycled and 266 (1)
bio-based polymers
12.4 Formulation examples of blends based 267 (1)
on recycled PA and bio-based PA and their
toxicological considerations
12.5 Conclusion 268 (1)
12.6 Bibliography 269 (4)
Chapter 13 Food Packaging: New Directions For 273 (36)
The Control Of Additive And Residue Migration
Olivier Vitrac
Audrey Goujon
13.1 Introduction 273 (1)
13.2 Migration of packaging components 274 (6)
13.2.1 Evidence for migration 274 (3)
13.2.2 Food contamination pathways 277 (2)
13.2.3 Aggravating factors of 279 (1)
contamination
13.3 Assessing and controlling migration 280 (15)
13.3.1 European regulation and its limits 280 (3)
13.3.2 Modeling migration 283 (5)
13.3.3 FMECA approaches to design safe 288 (7)
packaging
13.4 Predicting and controlling migration 295 (9)
at the molecular level
13.4.1 Packaging-food partition 295 (4)
coefficients
13.4.2 Diffusion scaling laws 299 (5)
13.5 Conclusion 304 (1)
13.6 Bibliography 305 (4)
Chapter 14 Biodegradability And/or 309 (32)
Compostability?
Guy César
14.1 Biodegradation 309 (23)
14.1.1 Introduction 309 (1)
14.1.2 The definitions of biodegradation 310 (1)
14.1.3 Stages of biodegradation 310 (4)
14.1.4 How to measure biodegradation 314 (15)
14.1.5 Specific study of polyolefins 329 (2)
added to pro-oxidants
14.1.6 Examples 331 (1)
14.2 Composting 332 (3)
14.2.1 Compostability 332 (1)
14.2.2 Norm NF EN 13432 333 (2)
14.3 Ten questions about biodegradability 335 (2)
and compostability
14.3.1 Can certain materials (polyolefins 335 (1)
with additives) be sometimes called
"compostable"? Is this true?
14.3.2 Is it acceptable to say that "my 335 (1)
product is biodegradable"?
14.3.3 Is it acceptable to say that "my 335 (1)
product is compostable"?
14.3.4 Is there a norm for compostability 336 (1)
under "domestic" conditions?
14.3.5 Are the materials said to be 336 (1)
oxobiodegradable actually biodegradable?
14.3.6 My material is not packaging, can 336 (1)
it still conform to NF EN 13432?
14.3.7 Can I say that my material 336 (1)
conforms to NF EN 13432 and/or to NFU
52001 without consulting a certification
body?
14.3.8 Can I "officially" declare that my 336 (1)
material is biodegradable based on one or
several (non-) respirometric and (non-)
standardized tests of biodegradation?
14.3.9 Is a biodegradable material337 (1)
necessarily compostable?
14.3.10 Is a material, compostable under 337 (1)
industrial conditions, biodegradable?
14.4 Conclusion 337 (1)
14.5 Bibliography 338 (3)
Chapter 15 The Regulation By Law Of 341 (16)
Nanosciences And Nanotechnologies
Eric Juet
15.1 Introduction 341 (1)
15.2 Obstacles in the legal regulation of 342 (7)
nanomaterials
15.2.1 Scientific and technical challenges 343 (3)
15.2.2 Legal issues 346 (3)
15.3 The legal regulation of nanomaterials 349 (6)
15.3.1 Legal regulation initiated by 349 (2)
voluntary measures
15.3.2 Legal regulation prolonged by 351 (2)
technical modifications to the REACH
legislation
15.3.3 Legal regulation consolidated by 353 (2)
non-technical amendments to sector
legislation
15.4 Conclusion 355 (1)
15.5 Bibliography 356 (1)
Chapter 16 Teaching Sustainable Development 357 (6)
Serge Walter
16.1 Introduction 357 (1)
16.2 The foundations of teaching 358 (2)
sustainable development
16.2.1 The need for the rigorous 358 (1)
quantification of energy
16.2.2 The problem of flow management 359 (1)
16.3 Conclusion 360 (3)
List Of Authors 363 (2)
Index 365
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