About this title: Engineers are increasingly faced with indoor air quality issues, particularly in the design of ventilation and filtration systems and airborne contaminant removal. Because this specialty has only recently gained momentum, resources have been limited to scattered research papers on this topic, until now.Indoor Air Quality Engineering covers a wide range of indoor air quality engineering principles and applications, providing guidelines for identifying and analyzing indoor air quality problems as well as designing a system to mitigate these problems. Structured into three sections - properties and behavior of airborne pollutants, measurement and sampling efficiency, and air quality enhancement technologies - this book uses real-life examples, design problems, and solutions to illustrate engineering principles and function as a practical tool for individual study. Specific topics of interest include: particle mechanics, gas kinetics, diffusion and airborne transportation; impaction, gravitational settling, and isokinetic and anisokinetic sampling; and filtration, aerodynamic air cleaning, electrostatic precipitation, wet scrubbing, adsorption, and ventilation effectiveness.Including more than 200 problems and a separate solutions manual for instructors, professors and students in engineering, environmental sciences, occupational health, and industrial hygiene concerned with indoor air quality control will find Indoor Air Quality Engineering provides effective methods, technologies, and principles not traditionally covered in other texts.
Table Of Contents

Chapter 1 Air Quality and You

       1.1 Background

                    1.1.1 Outdoor Air Quality

                    1.1.2 Indoor Air Quality

       1.2 Terminology and Definitions

       1.3 Units

       Discussion Topics

       References

Chapter 2 Properties of Indoor Air Contaminants

       2.1 Particle Density

       2.2 Particle Shape

       2.3 Particle Size

                    2.3.1 Human Respiratory System

                    2.3.2 Particle Size Categories

                    2.3.3 Particle Diameters

       2.4 Concentration of Gases and Particles

       2.5 Air Contaminants and Sources

                    2.5.1 Asbestos

                    2.5.2 Formaldehyde

                    2.5.3 Molds

                    2.5.4 Dust Mites

                    2.5.5 Smoke and Fumes

                    2.5.6 Radon (Rn)

                    2.5.7 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

                    2.5.8 Airborne Contaminants in Animal Environments

       2.6 Threshold Limit Values for Typical Indoor Air Contaminants

                    2.6.1 Normalized Air Contaminant Concentration

       Discussion Topics

       Problems

       References

Chapter 3 Particle Size Statistics and Distribution

       3.1 Number Distribution

       3.2 Mass Distribution

       3.3 Other Moment Averages and Distributions

       3.4 The Lognormal Distribution

       3.5 Log-Probability Graphs

       3.6 The Hatch-Choate Conversion Equation

       3.7 Other Types of Particle Size Distributions

                    3.7.1 The Rosin-Rammler Distribution

                    3.7.2 The Nukiyama-Tanasawa Distribution

                    3.7.3 The Power-Law Distribution

                    3.7.4 The Exponential Distribution

                    3.7.5 The Khrgian-Mazin Distribution

                    3.7.6 Chen's Empirical Distribution

       Discussion Topics

       Problems

       References

Chapter 4 Mechanics of Particles

       4.1 Reynolds Numbers for Fluids and Particles

       4.2 Newton's Resistance Law

       4.3 Stokes's Law

       4.4 Slip Correction Factor

       4.5 Settling Velocity and Mechanical Mobility

       4.6 Nonspherical Particles and Dynamic Shape Factor

       4.7 Aerodynamic Diameter

       4.8 Relaxation Time

       4.9 Stopping Distance

       Discussion Topics

       Problems

       References

Chapter 5 Gas Properties and Kinetics

       5.1 Ideal Gas Law

       5.2 Molecular Speeds

       5.3 Kinetic Energy

       5.4 Mean Free Path

       5.5 Collision of Gas Molecules with a Surface

       5.6 Viscosity

                    5.6.1 Viscosity for a Single Gas

                    5.6.2 Viscosity for a Mixture of Gases

       5.7 Diffusivity

                    5.7.1 Concentration Variation Caused by Diffusion

       5.8 Molecular Collision Speed of a Mixture of Gases

       Discussion Topics

       Problems

       References

Chapter 6 Diffusion and Coagulation of Particles

       6.1 Thermal Velocity of Particles

       6.2 Mean Free Path of Particles

       6.3 Diffusion Coefficient of Particles

       6.4 Diffusive Deposition

                    6.4.1 Interface with Concentration Gradient

                    6.4.2 Deposition Interface without Concentration Gradient

                    6.4.3 Total Deposition Velocity

       6.5 Diffusive Denuders

                    6.5.1 Coating Substrates for Denuders

                    6.5.2 Cylindrical Tubing Denuders

                    6.5.3 Rectangular Channels and Parallel Circular Plates

                    6.5.4 Annular Tubes

                    6.5.5 Wire Screen

                    6.5.6 Sampling Trains

       6.6 Diffusion Batteries

                    6.6.1 Basic Diffusion Battery Types

                    6.6.2 Typical Diffusion Batteries

       6.7 Monodisperse Coagulation

       6.8 Polydisperse Coagulation

       6.9 Kinematical Coagulation

       Discussion Topics

       Problems

       References

Chapter 7 Impaction

       7.1 Air Jets

       7.2 Impaction Efficiency of Particles in a Free Jet

       7.3 Cutsize of Impacted Particles

       7.4 Stokes Number Approach

       7.5 Cascade Impactors

       7.6 Virtual Impactors

       Discussion Topics

       Problems

       References

Chapter 8 Sampling Efficiency

       8.1 Air Sampler and Sampling Efficiency

       8.2 Isokinetic Sampling

       8.3 Anisokinetic Sampling

                    8.3.1 Superisokinetic Sampling

                    8.3.2 Subisokinetic Sampling

                    8.3.3 Misalignment Sampling

       8.4 Sampling in Calm Air

       8.5 Sampling in Ducts

                    8.5.1 Sampling Locations - Equal-Area Method

                    8.5.2 Sampling Locations - Tchebycheff Method

       8.6 Sampling of Vapor and Gases

                    8.6.1 Sampling Procedures

                    8.6.2 Selection of Sampling Devices

       8.7 Sampling Rate Control

                    8.7.1 Conventional Flow-Rate Control Devices

                    8.7.2 Critical Venturi

       8.8 Sampling of PM Emission from Buildings

       Discussion Topics

       Problems

       References

Chapter 9 Deposition, Production, and Resuspension of Airborne Particles

       9.1 Quiescent Batch Settling for Monodisperse Particles

       9.2 Deposition of Perfect-Mixing Batch Settling

       9.3 Continuous Perfect-Mixing Models

                    9.3.1 Macro-Mixing Model without Source or Sink

                    9.3.2 Average Vertical Velocity Model

       9.4 Deposition in Incomplete Mixing Airspaces

       9.5 Deposition of Polydisperse Particles

       9.6 Particle Production Rate in a Ventilated Airspace

                    9.6.1 Net Particle Production in a Ventilated Airspace

       9.7 Application of Particle Deposition

       9.8 Particle Adhesion and Resuspension

                    9.8.1 Particle Balance under Adhesive Force

                    9.8.2 Particle Resuspension

       Discussion Topics

       Problems

       References

Chapter 10 Filtration

       10.1 Filtration Mechanisms

                    10.1.1 Interception

                    10.1.2 Impaction

                    10.1.3 Diffusion

                    10.1.4 Gravitational Settling

                    10.1.5 Electrostatic Deposition

                    10.1.6 Total Single-Fiber Collection Efficiency

       10.2 Filter Efficiency

       10.3 Filter Performance Criteria

       10.4 Standardized Filter Testing Methods

                    10.4.1 Filter Efficiency Tests

                    10.4.2 Arrestance

                    10.4.3 Dust-Spot Efficiency

                    10.4.4 Fractional Efficiency or Penetration

                    10.4.5 Efficiency by Particle Size

                    10.4.6 Dust-Holding Capacity Tests

                    10.4.7 Leakage (Scan) Tests

                    10.4.8 Environmental Tests

       10.5 Cleanroom Requirements

                    10.5.1 Cleanroom Criteria

                    10.5.2 Cleanroom Applications

                    10.5.3 Air Cleaning for Cleanrooms

                    10.5.4 Fibrous Air Filters

                    10.5.5 Airflow Pattern Control

       10.6 Typical Fibrous Filters

                    10.6.1 Residential Air Filters

       10.7 Dust Bag Houses

       10.8 Limitations of Fibrous Filters

       Discussion Topics

       Problems

       References

Chapter 11 Aerodynamic Air Cleaners

       11.1 Return-Flow Cyclones

                    11.1.1 Particle Separation Efficiency

                    11.1.2 Pressure Drop of Return-Flow Cyclones

       11.2 Uniflow Cyclones

                    11.2.1 Particle Separation Efficiency in Laminar Flow

                    11.2.2 Collection Efficiency in Complete-Mixing Flow

                    11.2.3 Pressure Drop in Uniflow Cyclones

       11.3 Wet Scrubbers

                    11.3.1 Spray Chamber Scrubber

       11.4 Venturi Scrubber

       11.5 Other Noncontact Particle Cleaners

       11.6 Particle Collector Performance Criteria

       Discussion Topics

       Problems

       References

Chapter 12 Electrostatic Precipitation

       12.1 Electrostatic Force and Field Intensity

       12.2 Electrical Mobility and Terminal Velocity in an Electrical Field

                    12.2.1 Terminal Velocity in the Stokes Region (Rep less than equal 1) 356

                    12.2.2 Electrical Mobility

                    12.2.3 Terminal Velocity in the Non-Stokes Region (Rep > 1)

       12.3 Particle Charging

                    12.3.1 Field-Charging Process

                    12.3.2 Diffusive-Charging Process

                    12.3.3 Total Charge of Particles

                    12.3.4 Charging Limit

                    12.3.5 Corona Discharge

       12.4 Parallel-Plate Electrostatic Precipitators (ESPs)

                    12.4.1 Laminar Flow Model

                    12.4.2 Complete Mixing Flow Model

       12.5 Tube-Wire Electrostatic Precipitators (ESPs)

                    12.5.1 Particle Collection in Laminar Flow

                    12.5.2 Particle Collection in Complete Mixing Flow (High Turbulent Intensity)

       12.6 Design of ESP

                    12.6.1 Design Considerations

                    12.6.2 Integration into Plant Systems

                    12.6.3 Typical Configurations of ESPs

       Discussion Topics

       Problems

       References

Chapter 13 Control of Gaseous Pollutants

             13.1 Gas Control Mechanisms

                    13.1.1 Adsorption

                    13.1.2 Absorption

                    13.1.3 Sorption

                    13.1.4 Catalytic Conversion

             13.2 Adsorption Principles

                    13.2.1 Adsorption Isotherm

             13.3 Adsorption Wave

             13.4 Regeneration of Adsorbents

             13.5 Design Considerations for Adsorption Processes

             13.6 Absorption Principles

             13.7 Mass Balance for Wet Scrubbers

                    13.7.1 Henry's Law and Gas-Liquid Equilibrium

             13.8 Single-Stage Counterflow Gas-Liquid System

             13.9 Multistage Counterflow Gas-Liquid System

                    13.9.1 Mass Balance of the Multistage System

                    13.9.2 Ideal Number of Stages-Graphical Method

                    13.9.3 Ideal Number of Stages-Analytical Method

       13.10 Design of Liquid-Gas Ratio

       13.11 Catalytic Conversion

                    13.11.1 Principles of Catalytic Conversion

                    13.11.2 Dispersed Catalyst Components

                    13.11.3 Steps of Heterogeneous Catalysis

                    13.11.4 The Arrhenius Equation

       Discussion Topics

       Problems

       References

Chapter 14 Ventilation Requirements and Measurement

       14.1 Ventilation Requirements for Completely Mixed Airspaces

                    14.1.1 Mass and Energy Conservation of a Ventilated Airspace

                    14.1.2 Sensible Heat Balance Ventilation Requirement

                    14.1.3 Moisture Balance Ventilation Requirement

                    14.1.4 Pollutant Balance Ventilation Requirement

                    14.1.5 Ventilation Graph

       14.2 Air Cleaning Efficiency with Recirculation and Filtration

       14.3 Terminology of Air Age

       14.4 Tracer Gas Methods for Ventilation Rate Measurement

                    14.4.1 Theoretical Analysis

                    14.4.2 The Rate of Decay Method

                    14.4.3 The Constant Injection Method

                    14.4.4 The Constant Concentration Method

       14.5 Tracer Gas Method for Air Age Distribution Measurement

                    14.5.1 Three Main Procedures to Determine Air Age Distribution

       14.6 Calorimetry Method to Estimate Ventilation Rate

                    14.6.1 Theory of Transient Calorimetry

                    14.6.2 Application of Calorimetry Method

       14.7 Effectiveness Coefficient of Mixing

       14.8 Flow Rate Measurement Instrumentation and Procedures

                    14.8.1 Flow Measurement Instrumentation

                    14.8.2 Venturi, Nozzle, and Orifice

                    14.8.3 Turbine (or Vane) Flowmeters

                    14.8.4 Measurement of Large Flow Rates Using a Single Vane Anemometer

                    14.8.5 Airflow-Measurement Hood

       Discussion Topics

       Problems

       References

Chapter 15 Ventilation Effectiveness and Air Distribution

       15.1 Particle Spatial Distribution

                    15.1.1 An Experimental Case Study

                    15.1.2 Dust Generation and Measurement

       15.2 Calculation of Ventilation Effectiveness

                    15.2.1 Ventilation Effectiveness Factor (VEF)

                    15.2.2 Ventilation Effectiveness under Incomplete-Mixing Conditions

                    15.2.3 Ventilation Effectiveness under Zonal Ventilation Conditions

                    15.2.4 Ventilation Effectiveness Map (VEM)

       15.3 Governing Equations for Room Air Distribution Modeling

                    15.3.1 The Spalart-Allmaras Model

                    15.3.2 The Standard kappa-ξ Model

                    15.3.3 The RNG kappa-ξ Model

                    15.3.4 The Realizable kappa-ξ Model

                    15.3.5 The Standard kappa-ω Model

                    15.3.6 The Shear-Stress Transport (SST) kappa-ω Model

                    15.3.7 The Reynolds Stress Model (RSM)

                    15.3.8 The Large Eddy Simulation (LES) Model

                    15.3.9 Measurement Results

       15.4 Room Air Distribution Measurement

                    15.4.1 Thermal Anemometers

                    15.4.2 Laser Doppler Velocimetry

                    15.4.3 Flow Visualization

                    15.4.4 Particle Image Velocimetry

       15.5 Room Air Distribution Measurement using SPIV

                    15.5.1 SPIV System

                    15.5.2 SPIV Algorithm

                    15.5.3 Determination of Velocity Magnitude and Direction

                    15.5.4 Examples of Room Air Distribution Measurements

       15.6 Air Leakage

                    15.6.1 Comparison of Literature Data on Air Leakage

                    15.6.2 Analysis of Air Infiltration

       15.7 Alternative Ventilation and Air Distribution Systems

                    15.7.1 Effect of Outlet Location on Dust Spatial Distribution

                    15.7.2 Effect of Inlet Location on Dust Spatial Distribution

                    15.7.3 Effect of Air Cleaning on Dust Spatial Distribution

Discussion Topics

Problems

References

Appendix 1 Conversion Factors and Constants

Appendix 2 Airborne Particle Properties at Standard Conditions

Appendix 3 KP Values for Equation 3.41

Appendix 4 Threshold Limit Values for Indoor Air Pollutants

       Endnotes and Abbreviations

Appendix 5 Thermal Physical Properties of Gases

       Diffusion Coefficients for More Gases

Appendix 6 Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Gases

       Permittivity of Saturated Water Vapor

Appendix 7 Psychrometric Chart at Sea Level

Appendix 8 Correlation Constants of Activated Carbon for VOC Adsorption

Index