About this title: Designed for the two-semester general chemistry course, Chang's textbook has often been considered a student favorite. This best-selling textbook takes a traditional approach. It features a straightforward, clear writing style and proven problem-solving strategies. The strength of the eighth edition is the integration of many tools that are designed to inspire both students and instructors. The textbook is the foundation for the technology. The multi-media package for the new edition stretches students beyond the confines of the traditional textbook.
Table Of Contents
List of Applications
List of Animations
Preface
Guided Tour
Text
Media
A Note to the Student
Chemistry: The Study of Change
Chemistry: A Science for the Twenty-First Century
The Study of Chemistry
The Scientific Method
Primordial Helium and the Big Bang Theory
Classifications of Matter
The Three States of Matter
Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter
Measurement
The Importance of Units
Handling Numbers
Dimensional Analysis in Solving Problems
Key Equations
Summary of Facts and Concepts
Key Words
Questions and Problems
The Disappearance of the Dinosaurs
Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
The Atomic Theory
The Structure of the Atom
Atomic Number, Mass Number, and Isotopes
The Periodic Table
Distribution of Elements on Earth and in Living Systems
Molecules and Ions
Chemical Formulas
Naming Compounds
Summary of Facts and Concepts
Key Words
Questions and Problems
Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions
Atomic Mass
Avogadro's Number and Molar Mass of an Element
Molecular Mass
The Mass Spectrometer
Percent Composition of Compounds
Experimental Determination of Empirical Formulas
Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations
Amounts of Reactants and Products
Limiting Reagents
Reaction Yield
Chemical Fertilizers
Key Equations
Summary of Facts and Concepts
Key Words
Questions and Problems
Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
General Properties of Aqueous Solutions
Precipitation Reactions
An Undesirable Precipitation Reaction
Acid-Base Reactions
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Breath Analyzer
Concentration of Solutions
Gravimetric Analysis
Acid-Base Titrations
Redox Titrations
Metal from the Sea
Key Equations
Summary of Facts and Concepts
Key Words
Questions and Problems
Who Killed Napoleon?
Gases
Substances That Exist as Gases
Pressure of a Gas
The Gas Laws
The Ideal Gas Equation
Gas Stoichiometry
Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures
Scuba Diving and the Gas Laws
The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
Super Cold Atoms
Deviation from Ideal Behavior
Key Equations
Summary of Facts and Concepts
Key Words
Questions and Problems
Out of Oxygen
Thermochemistry
The Nature of Energy and Types of Energy
Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions
Introduction to Thermodynamics
Making Snow and Inflating a Bicycle Tire
Enthalpy of Chemical Reactions
Calorimetry
Fuel Values of Foods and Other Substances
Standard Enthalpy of Formation and Reaction
How a Bombardier Beetle Defends Itself
Heat of Solution and Dilution
Key Equations
Summary of Facts and Concepts
Key Words
Questions and Problems
The Exploding Tire
Quantum Theory and the Electronic Structure of Atoms
From Classical Physics to Quantum Theory
The Photoelectric Effect
Bohr's Theory of the Hydrogen Atom
Element from the Sun
Laser---The Splendid Light
The Dual Nature of the Electron
Electron Microscopy
Quantum Mechanics
Quantum Numbers
Atomic Orbitals
Electron Configuration
The Building-Up Principle
Key Equations
Summary of Facts and Concepts
Key Words
Questions and Problems
Periodic Relationships Among the Elements
Development of the Periodic Table
Periodic Classification of the Elements
Periodic Variation in Physical Properties
The Third Liquid Element?
Ionization Energy
Electron Affinity
Variation in Chemical Properties of the Representative Elements
Discovery of the Noble Gases
Summary of Facts and Concepts
Key Words
Questions and Problems
Chemical Bonding I: Basic Concepts
Lewis Dot Symbols
The Ionic Bond
Lattice Energy of Ionic Compounds
Sodium Chloride---A Common and Important Ionic Compound
The Covalent Bond
Electronegativity
Writing Lewis Structures
Formal Charge and Lewis Structure
The Concept of Resonance
Exceptions to the Octet Rule
Just Say No
Bond Energy
Key Equation
Summary of Facts and Concepts
Key Words
Questions and Problems
Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals
Molecular Geometry
Dipole Moment
Microwave Ovens---Dipole Moments at Work
Valance Bond Theory
Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals
Hybridization in Molecules Containing Double and Triple Bonds
Molecular Orbital Theory
Molecular Orbital Configurations
Delocalized Molecular Orbitals
Buckyball, Anyone?
Key Equations
Summary of Facts and Concepts
Key Words
Questions and Problems
Intermolecular Forces and Liquids and Solids
The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Liquids and Solids
Intermolecular Forces
Properties of Liquids
Why Do Lakes Freeze from the Top Down?
Crystal Structure
X-Ray Diffraction by Crystals
Types of Crystals
Amorphous Solids
High-Temperature Superconductors
Phase Changes
Phase Diagrams
Hard-Boiling an Egg on a Mountaintop, Pressure Cookers, and Ice Skating
Liquid Crystals
Key Equations
Summary of Facts and Concepts
Key Words
Questions and Problems
Physical Properties of Solutions
Types of Solutions
A Molecular View of the Solution Process
Concentration Units
The Effect of Temperature on Solubility
The Effect of Pressure on the Solubility of Gases
The Killer Lake
Colligative Properties of Nonelectrolyte Solutions
Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solutions
Desalination
Colloids
Key Equations
Summary of Facts and Concepts
Key Words
Questions and Problems
The Wrong Knife
Chemical Kinetics
The Rate of a Reaction
The Rate Law
Relation Between Reactant Concentration and Time
Determining the Age of the Shroud of Turin
Activation Energy and Temperature Dependence of Rate Constants
Reaction Mechanisms
Femtochemistry
Catalysis
Key Equations
Summary of Facts and Concepts
Key Words
Questions and Problems
Chemical Equilibrium
The Concept of Equilibrium and the Equilibrium Constant
Writing Equilibrium Constant Expressions
The Relationship Between Chemical Kinetics and Chemical Equilibrium
What Does the Equilibrium Constant Tell Us?
Factors That Affect Chemical Equilibrium
Life at High Altitudes and Hemoglobin Production
The Haber Process
Key Equations
Summary of Facts and Concepts
Key Words
Questions and Problems
Acids and Bases
Brønsted Acids and Bases
The Acid-Base Properties of Water
pH---A Measure of Acidity
Strength of Acids and Bases
Weak Acids and Acid Ionization Constants
Weak Bases and Base Ionization Constants
The Relationship Between the Ionization Constants of Acids and Their Conjugate Bases
Diprotic and Polyprotic Acids
Molecular Structure and the Strength of Acids
Acid-Base Properties of Salts
Acid-Base Properties of Oxides and Hydroxides
Lewis Acids and Bases
Antacids and the pH Balance in Your Stomach
Key Equations
Summary of Facts and Concepts
Key Words
Questions and Problems
Decaying Papers
Acid-Base Equilibria and Solubility Equilibria
Homogeneous versus Heterogeneous Solution Equilibria
The Common Ion Effect
Buffer Solutions
Maintaining the pH of Blood
Acid-Base Titrations
Acid-Base Indicators
Solubility Equilibria
Separation of Ions by Fractional Precipitation
The Common Ion Effect and Solubility
pH and Solubility
Complex Ion Equilibria and Solubility
Application of the Solubility Product Principle to Qualitative Analysis
How an Eggshell Is Formed
Key Equation
Summary of Facts and Concepts
Key Words
Questions and Problems
A Hard-Boiled Snack
Chemistry in the Atmosphere
Earth's Atmosphere
Phenomena in the Outer Layers of the Atmosphere
Depletion of Ozone in the Stratosphere
Volcanoes
The Greenhouse Effect
Acid Rain
Photochemical Smog
Indoor Pollution
Summary of Facts and Concepts
Key Words
Questions and Problems
Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium
The Three Laws of Thermodynamics
Spontaneous Processes and Entropy
Entropy
The Second Law of Thermodynamics
The Efficiency of Heat Engines
Gibbs Free Energy
Free Energy and Chemical Equilibrium
Thermodynamics in Living Systems
The Thermodynamics of a Rubber Band
Key Equations
Summary of Facts and Concepts
Key Words
Questions and Problems
Electrochemistry
Redox Reactions
Galvanic Cells
Standard Reduction Potentials
Spontaneity of Redox Reactions
The Effect of Concentration of Cell Emf
Batteries
Corrosion
Electrolysis
Dental Filling Discomfort
Key Equations
Summary of Facts and Concepts
Key Words
Questions and Problems
Tainted Water
Metallurgy and the Chemistry of Metals
Occurrence of Metals
Metallurgical Processes
Band Theory of Conductivity
Periodic Trends in Metallic Properties
The Alkali Metals
The Alkaline Earth Metals
Aluminum
Recycling Aluminum
Summary of Facts and Concepts
Key Words
Questions and Problems
Nonmetallic Elements and Their Compounds
General Properties of Nonmetals
Hydrogen
Metallic Hydrogen
Carbon
Synthetic Gas from Coal
Nitrogen and Phosphorus
Ammonium Nitrate---The Explosive Fertilizer
Oxygen and Sulfur
The Halogens
Summary of Facts and Concepts
Key Words
Questions and Problems
Transition Metal Chemistry and Coordination Compounds
Properties of the Transition Metals
Chemistry of Iron and Copper
Coordination Compounds
Structure of Coordination Compounds
Bonding in Coordination Compounds: Crystal Field Theory
Reactions of Coordination Compounds
Coordination Compounds in Living Systems
Applications of Coordination Compounds
Cisplatin---The Anticancer Drug
Key Equation
Summary of Facts and Concepts
Key Words
Questions and Problems
Dating Paintings with Prussian Blue
Nuclear Chemistry
The Nature of Nuclear Reactions
Nuclear Stability
Natural Radioactivity
Nuclear Transmutation
Nuclear Fission
Nature's Own Fission Reactor
Nuclear Fusion
Uses of Isotopes
Biological Effects of Radiation
Food Irradiation
Key Equation
Summary of Facts and Concepts
Key Words
Questions and Problems
The Art Forgery of the Twentieth Century
Organic Chemistry
Classes of Organic Compounds
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
Ice That Burns
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Chemistry of the Functional Groups
The Petroleum Industry
Summary of Facts and Concepts
Key Words
Questions and Problems
The Disappearing Fingerprints
Synthetic and Natural Organic Polymers
Properties of Polymers
Synthetic Organic Polymers
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Sickle Cell Anemia---A Molecular Disease
DNA Fingerprinting
Summary of Facts and Concepts
Key Words
Questions and Problems
A Story That Will Curl Your Hair
Appendix 1 Derivation of the Names of Elements
Appendix 2 Units for the Gas Constant
Appendix 3 Thermodynamic Data at 1 atm and 25°C
Appendix 4 Mathematical Operations
Glossary
Answers to Even-Numbered Problems
Credits
Index
新书报道