Modern Thermodynamics : From Heat Engines to Dissipative Structures

[BOOK DESCRIPTION]

"Modern ThermodynamicsSecond Edition" presents a comprehensive introduction to 20th century thermodynamics that can be applied to both equilibrium and non-equilibrium systems, unifying what was traditionally divided into 'thermodynamics' and 'kinetics' into one theory of irreversible processes.This comprehensive text, suitable for introductory as well as advanced courses on thermodynamics, has been widely used by chemists, physicists, engineers and geologists. Fully revised and expanded, this new edition includes the following updates and features: - Includes a completely new chapter on Principles of Statistical Thermodynamics.- Presents new material on solar and wind energy flows and energy flows of interest to engineering. - Covers new material on self-organization in non-equilibrium systems and the thermodynamics of small systems.- Highlights a wide range of applications relevant to students across physical sciences and engineering courses.- Introduces students to computational methods using updated Mathematica codes. - Includes problem sets to help the reader understand and apply the principles introduced throughout the text.- Solutions to exercises and supplementary lecture material provided online at http: //sites.google.com/site/modernthermodynamics/."Modern Thermodynamics: From Heat Engines to Dissipative Structures, Second Edition" is an essential resource for undergraduate and graduate students taking a course in thermodynamics.

[TABLE OF CONTENTS]

Preface to the Second Edition                      xiii
Preface to the First Edition: Why                  xv
Thermodynamics?
Acknowledgments                                    xxi
Notes for Instructors                              xxiii
        List of Variables                          xxv
  I HISTORICAL ROOTS: FROM HEAT ENGINES TO
  COSMOLOGY
    1 Basic Concepts and the Laws of Gases         3    (42)
        Introduction                               3    (1)
      1.1 Thermodynamic Systems                    4    (2)
      1.2 Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Systems   6    (2)
      1.3 Biological and Other Open Systems        8    (1)
      1.4 Temperature, Heat and Quantitative       9    (8)
      Laws of Gases
      1.5 States of Matter and the van der         17   (7)
      Waals Equation
      1.6 An Introduction to the Kinetic Theory    24   (21)
      of Gases
        Appendix 1.1 Partial Derivatives           32   (1)
        Appendix 1.2 Elementary Concepts in        33   (1)
        Probability Theory
        Appendix 1.3 Mathematica Codes             34   (5)
        References                                 39   (1)
        Examples                                   39   (2)
        Exercises                                  41   (4)
    2 The First Law of Thermodynamics              45   (44)
        The Idea of Energy Conservation Amidst     45   (1)
        New Discoveries
      2.1 The Nature of Heat                       46   (4)
      2.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics: The     50   (7)
      Conservation of Energy
      2.3 Elementary Applications of the First     57   (4)
      Law
      2.4 Thermochemistry: Conservation of         61   (7)
      Energy in Chemical Reactions
      2.5 Extent of Reaction: A State Variable     68   (1)
      for Chemical Systems
      2.6 Conservation of Energy in Nuclear        69   (2)
      Reactions and Some General Remarks
      2.7 Energy Flows and Organized States        71   (18)
        Appendix 2.1 Mathematica Codes             79   (1)
        Appendix 2.2 Energy Flow in the USA for    79   (3)
        the Year 2013
        References                                 82   (1)
        Examples                                   82   (3)
        Exercises                                  85   (4)
    3 The Second Law of Thermodynamics and the     89   (36)
    Arrow of Time
      3.1 The Birth of the Second Law              89   (7)
      3.2 The Absolute Scale of Temperature        96   (3)
      3.3 The Second Law and the Concept of        99   (5)
      Entropy
      3.4 Modern Formulation of the Second Law     104  (8)
      3.5 Examples of Entropy Changes due to       112  (2)
      Irreversible Processes
      3.6 Entropy Changes Associated with Phase    114  (1)
      Transformations
      3.7 Entropy of an Ideal Gas                  115  (1)
      3.8 Remarks about the Second Law and         116  (9)
      Irreversible Processes
        Appendix 3.1 The Hurricane as a Heat       117  (3)
        Engine
        Appendix 3.2 Entropy Production in         120  (1)
        Continuous Systems
        References                                 121  (1)
        Examples                                   122  (1)
        Exercises                                  123  (2)
    4 Entropy in the Realm of Chemical Reactions   125  (20)
      4.1 Chemical Potential and Affinity: The     125  (7)
      Thermodynamic Force for Chemical Reactions
      4.2 General Properties of Affinity           132  (3)
      4.3 Entropy Production Due to Diffusion      135  (1)
      4.4 General Properties of Entropy            136  (9)
        Appendix 4.1 Thermodynamics Description    138  (1)
        of Diffusion
        References                                 139  (1)
        Example                                    139  (1)
        Exercises                                  140  (5)
  II Equilibrium Thermodynamics
    5 Extremum Principles and General              145  (24)
    Thermodynamic Relations
        Extremum Principles in Nature              145  (1)
      5.1 Extremum Principles Associated with      145  (8)
      the Second Law
      5.2 General Thermodynamic Relations          153  (3)
      5.3 Gibbs Energy of Formation and            156  (3)
      Chemical Potential
      5.4 Maxwell Relations                        159  (1)
      5.5 Extensivity with Respect to N and        160  (2)
      Partial Molar Quantities
      5.6 Surface Tension                          162  (7)
        References                                 165  (1)
        Examples                                   165  (1)
        Exercises                                  166  (3)
    6 Basic Thermodynamics of Gases, Liquids       169  (18)
    and Solids
        Introduction                               169  (1)
      6.1 Thermodynamics of Ideal Gases            169  (3)
      6.2 Thermodynamics of Real Gases             172  (8)
      6.3 Thermodynamics Quantities for Pure       180  (7)
      Liquids and Solids
        Reference                                  183  (1)
        Examples                                   183  (1)
        Exercises                                  184  (3)
    7 Thermodynamics of Phase Change               187  (20)
        Introduction                               187  (1)
      7.1 Phase Equilibrium and Phase Diagrams     187  (5)
      7.2 The Gibbs Phase Rule and Duhem's         192  (2)
      Theorem
      7.3 Binary and Ternary Systems               194  (4)
      7.4 Maxwell's Construction and the Lever     198  (3)
      Rule
      7.5 Phase Transitions                        201  (6)
        References                                 203  (1)
        Examples                                   203  (1)
        Exercises                                  204  (3)
    8 Thermodynamics of Solutions                  207  (24)
      8.1 Ideal and Nonideal Solutions             207  (4)
      8.2 Colligative Properties                   211  (6)
      8.3 Solubility Equilibrium                   217  (5)
      8.4 Thermodynamic Mixing and Excess          222  (3)
      Functions
      8.5 Azeotropy                                225  (6)
        References                                 225  (1)
        Examples                                   225  (2)
        Exercises                                  227  (4)
    9 Thermodynamics of Chemical Transformations   231  (34)
      9.1 Transformations of Matter                231  (1)
      9.2 Chemical Reaction Rates                  232  (7)
      9.3 Chemical Equilibrium and the Law of      239  (4)
      Mass Action
      9.4 The Principle of Detailed Balance        243  (2)
      9.5 Entropy Production due to Chemical       245  (3)
      Reactions
      9.6 Elementary Theory of Chemical            248  (3)
      Reaction Rates
      9.7 Coupled Reactions and Flow Reactors      251  (14)
        Appendix 9.1 Mathematica Codes             256  (4)
        References                                 260  (1)
        Examples                                   260  (1)
        Exercises                                  261  (4)
    10 Fields and Internal Degrees of Freedom      265  (22)
        The Many Faces of Chemical Potential       265  (1)
      10.1 Chemical Potential in a Field           265  (5)
      10.2 Membranes and Electrochemical Cells     270  (7)
      10.3 Isothermal Diffusion                    277  (4)
      10.4 Chemical Potential for an Internal      281  (6)
      Degree of Freedom
        References                                 284  (1)
        Examples                                   284  (1)
        Exercises                                  285  (2)
    11 Thermodynamics of Radiation                 287  (20)
        Introduction                               287  (1)
      11.1 Energy Density and Intensity of         287  (4)
      Thermal Radiation
      11.2 The Equation of State                   291  (2)
      11.3 Entropy and Adiabatic Processes         293  (2)
      11.4 Wien's Theorem                          295  (1)
      11.5 Chemical Potential of Thermal           296  (1)
      Radiation
      11.6 Matter--Antimatter in Equilibrium       297  (2)
      with Thermal Radiation: The State of Zero
      Chemical Potential
      11.7 Chemical Potential of Radiation not     299  (1)
      in Thermal Equilibrium with Matter
      11.8 Entropy of Nonequilibrium Radiation     300  (7)
        References                                 302  (1)
        Example                                    302  (1)
        Exercises                                  302  (5)
  III Fluctuations And Stability
    12 The Gibbs Stability Theory                  307  (8)
      12.1 Classical Stability Theory              307  (1)
      12.2 Thermal Stability                       308  (1)
      12.3 Mechanical Stability                    309  (1)
      12.4 Stability and Fluctuations in Nk        310  (5)
        References                                 313  (1)
        Exercises                                  313  (2)
    13 Critical Phenomena and Configurational      315  (8)
    Heat Capacity
        Introduction                               315  (1)
      13.1 Stability and Critical Phenomena        315  (2)
      13.2 Stability and Critical Phenomena in     317  (3)
      Binary Solutions
      13.3 Configurational Heat Capacity           320  (3)
        Further Reading                            321  (1)
        Exercises                                  321  (2)
    14 Entropy Production, Fluctuations and        323  (20)
    Small Systems
      14.1 Stability and Entropy Production        323  (3)
      14.2 Thermodynamic Theory of Fluctuations    326  (5)
      14.3 Small Systems                           331  (2)
      14.4 Size-Dependent Properties               333  (3)
      14.5 Nucleation                              336  (7)
        References                                 339  (1)
        Example                                    339  (1)
        Exercises                                  340  (3)
  IV Linear Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics
    15 Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics: The          343  (14)
    Foundations
      15.1 Local Equilibrium                       343  (2)
      15.2 Local Entropy Production                345  (1)
      15.3 Balance Equation for Concentration      346  (2)
      15.4 Energy Conservation in Open Systems     348  (3)
      15.5 The Entropy Balance Equation            351  (6)
        Appendix 15.1 Entropy Production           354  (2)
        References                                 356  (1)
        Exercises                                  356  (1)
    16 Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics: The          357  (28)
    Linear Regime
      16.1 Linear Phenomenological Laws            357  (2)
      16.2 Onsager Reciprocal Relations and the    359  (4)
      Symmetry Principle
      16.3 Thermoelectric Phenomena                363  (3)
      16.4 Diffusion                               366  (5)
      16.5 Chemical Reactions                      371  (4)
      16.6 Heat Conduction in Anisotropic Solids   375  (2)
      16.7 Electrokinetic Phenomena and the        377  (2)
      Saxen Relations
      16.8 Thermal Diffusion                       379  (6)
        References                                 382  (1)
        Further Reading                            382  (1)
        Exercises                                  383  (2)
    17 Nonequilibrium Stationary States and        385  (20)
    Their Stability: Linear Regime
      17.1 Stationary States under                 385  (6)
      Nonequilibrium Conditions
      17.2 The Theorem of Minimum Entropy          391  (7)
      Production
      17.3 Time Variation of Entropy Production    398  (7)
      and the Stability of Stationary States
        References                                 400  (1)
        Exercises                                  400  (5)
  V Order Through Fluctuations
    18 Nonlinear Thermodynamics                    405  (16)
      18.1 Far-from-Equilibrium Systems            405  (1)
      18.2 General Properties of Entropy           405  (2)
      Production
      18.3 Stability of Nonequilibrium             407  (4)
      Stationary States
      18.4 Linear Stability Analysis               411  (10)
        Appendix 18.1 A General Property of        415  (1)
        dFP/dt
        Appendix 18.2 General Expression for       416  (2)
        the Time Derivative of δ2S
        References                                 418  (1)
        Exercises                                  418  (3)
    19 Dissipative Structures                      421  (30)
      19.1 The Constructive Role of                421  (1)
      Irreversible Processes
      19.2 Loss of Stability, Bifurcation and      421  (3)
      Symmetry Breaking
      19.3 Chiral Symmetry Breaking and Life       424  (7)
      19.4 Chemical Oscillations                   431  (5)
      19.5 Turing Structures and Propagating       436  (4)
      Waves
      19.6 Dissipative Structures and Machines     440  (1)
      19.7 Structural Instability and              441  (10)
      Biochemical Evolution
        Appendix 19.1 Mathematica Codes            442  (5)
        References                                 447  (1)
        Further Reading                            448  (1)
        Exercises                                  449  (2)
    20 Elements of Statistical Thermodynamics      451  (26)
        Introduction                               451  (1)
      20.1 Fundamentals and Overview               452  (2)
      20.2 Partition Function Factorization        454  (2)
      20.3 The Boltzmann Probability               456  (1)
      Distribution and Average Values
      20.4 Microstates, Entropy and the            457  (3)
      Canonical Ensemble
      20.5 Canonical Partition Function and        460  (1)
      Thermodynamic Quantities
      20.6 Calculating Partition Functions         461  (6)
      20.7 Equilibrium Constants                   467  (2)
      20.8 Heat Capacities of Solids               469  (3)
      20.9 Planck's Distribution Law for           472  (5)
      Thermal Radiation
        Appendix 20.1 Approximations and           474  (1)
        Integrals
        Reference                                  475  (1)
        Example                                    475  (1)
        Exercises                                  475  (2)
    21 Self-Organization and Dissipative           477  (10)
    Structures in Nature
      21.1 Dissipative Structures in Diverse       477  (6)
      Disciplines
      21.2 Towards a Thermodynamic Theory of       483  (4)
      Organisms
        References                                 485  (2)
Epilogue                                           487  (2)
Physical Constants and Data                        489  (2)
Standard Thermodynamic Properties                  491  (10)
Energy Units and Conversions                       501  (2)
Answers to Exercises                               503  (8)
Author Index                                       511  (2)
Subject Index                                      513