Sector Field Mass Spectrometry for Elemental and Isotopic Analysis

[BOOK DESCRIPTION]

This book was triggered by the success story of sector field mass spectrometry in elemental and isotopic analysis since the first presentation of the mass spectrum of Ne a hundred years ago. The outstanding and unique features of sector field mass spectrometry - high sensitivity, high mass resolution and simultaneous multiple ion detection - have paved the way for its widespread and successful application across different scientific disciplines. Written, compiled and edited by world renowned experts, this book is intended to provide deep insight into the topic along with fundamental knowledge about elemental and isotopic analysis. Aimed at scientists in the field of natural and life sciences, instrument manufacturers, practitioners and graduate students, it provides solid information about the methodological background and analytical capabilities of sector field mass spectrometry. A detailed description of peculiarities and an overview of the most relevant applications making use of specific techniques employing sector field mass analysers (ICP-MS, GDMS, TIMS, SIMS and IRMS) are given, including a presentation of the currently available commercial instruments.This approach guarantees that readers are thoroughly introduced to and familiarized with the fascinating inter- and transdisciplinary field of sector field mass spectrometry.

[TABLE OF CONTENTS]

Acknowledgements                                   xix
Author List                                        xxiii
List of Abbreviations                              xliii
  Chapter 1 Introduction                           1    (9)
          Thomas Prohaska
          Andreas Zitek
      1.1 Why Another Book on Mass Spectrometry?   1    (3)
        1.1.1 The Success of Magnetic Sector       2    (1)
        Field Mass Spectrometry
        1.1.2 Magnetic Sector Field Devices for    3    (1)
        Elemental and Isotopic Analysis
        1.1.3 Metrology in Chemistry - The         3    (1)
        Science of Measurement
        1.1.4 A Wide Field for Modern Mass         4    (1)
        Spectrometers with Unforeseen
        Development
      1.2 A New Book on Sector Field Mass          4    (1)
      Spectrometry for Elemental And Isotopic
      Analysis!
      References                                   5    (5)
  Chapter 2 History                                10   (19)
          Thomas Prohaska
      2.1 Where it All Started                     10   (1)
      2.2 Cathode Rays and Kanalstrahlen           11   (2)
      2.3 The First Mass Spectrometer and the      13   (4)
      Determination of Isotopes
      2.4 Towards Modern Mass Spectrometers        17   (4)
      2.5 The Early Commercialisation of Mass      21   (2)
      Spectrometry
      2.6 The Last 50 Years - Development of       23   (1)
      Mass Separators and Mastering the Ion
      Sources
      References                                   24   (5)
Fundamentals
  Chapter 3 General Overview                       29   (15)
          Thomas Prohaska
      3.1 (Multi-)element Analysis                 33   (4)
      3.2 Isotope Ratio Analysis                   37   (1)
      3.3 General Terminology and Abbreviations    38   (4)
      of Mass Spectrometric Techniques
      Described in this Book
      References                                   42   (2)
  Chapter 4 Technical Background                   44   (53)
          Lothar Rottmann
          Norbert Jakubowski
          Stefanie Konegger-Kappel
          Ondrej Hanousek
          Thomas Prohaska
      4.1 Sample Introduction                      46   (1)
      4.2 Ion Sources                              47   (7)
        4.2.1 Plasma Ion Sources                   48   (5)
        4.2.2 Beam Sources                         53   (1)
        4.2.3 Thermal Ionisation Source            54   (1)
      4.3 Sampling Interface                       54   (1)
      4.4 Electrostatic Lens System                55   (5)
      4.5 Slit System (Entrance Slit and           60   (1)
      Collector (Exit) Slit)
      4.6 Magnetic Sector                          61   (5)
      4.7 Electric Sector                          66   (2)
      4.8 Double-Focusing Conditions and Sector    68   (6)
      Field Geometries
      4.9 Acquiring a Mass Spectrum                74   (1)
      4.10 Flight Tube                             75   (2)
      4.11 Transfer, Zoom and Filter Optics        77   (1)
      4.12 Detection Systems                       78   (13)
        4.12.1 Electron Multipliers                78   (7)
        4.12.2 Daly Detector                       85   (1)
        4.12.3 Faraday Cup                         85   (3)
        4.12.4 Focal Plane Detectors               88   (3)
      4.13 Vacuum System                           91   (1)
      References                                   92   (5)
  Chapter 5 Mass Resolution                        97   (10)
          Ondrej Hanousek
          Lothar Rottmann
          Thomas Prohaska
      5.1 Achieving High Mass Resolution with a    100  (1)
      Magnetic Sector Field
      5.2 Peak Shapes as a Result of Mass          100  (5)
      Resolution
        5.2.1 Abundance Sensitivity                104  (1)
        5.2.2 Alternative Mass Separators to       104  (1)
        Achieve High Mass Resolution
      References                                   105  (2)
  Chapter 6 Instrumental Isotopic Fractionation    107  (14)
          Johanna Irrgeher
          Thomas Prohaska
      6.1 Instrumental Isotopic Fractionation      109  (3)
      in ICP-MS
      6.2 Instrumental Isotopic Fractionation      112  (1)
      in LA-ICP-MS
      6.3 Instrumental Isotopic Fractionation      113  (1)
      in GDMS
      6.4 Instrumental Isotopic Fractionation      114  (1)
      in TIMS
      6.5 Instrumental Isotopic Fractionation      115  (1)
      in SIMS
      6.6 Instrumental Isotopic Fractionation      116  (1)
      in IRMS
      References                                   117  (4)
  Chapter 7 Interferences                          121  (5)
          Thomas Prohaska
      7.1 Mathematical Correction Procedures       123  (1)
      7.2 Sample Preparation and Introduction      124  (1)
      Systems
      7.3 Modified Instrumental Parameter          125  (1)
      Reference                                    125  (1)
  Chapter 8 Measurement Strategies                 126  (26)
          Johanna Irrgeher
          Jochen Vogl
          Jakob Santner
          Thomas Prohaska
      8.1 Calibration                              127  (2)
      8.2 Quantification                           129  (11)
        8.2.1 External Calibration                 129  (2)
        8.2.2 Standard Addition                    131  (1)
        8.2.3 Internal Normalisation               132  (1)
        8.2.4 (Linear) Regression Analysis         133  (3)
        8.2.5 Isotope Dilution                     136  (4)
      8.3 Isotope Ratio Measurements               140  (9)
        8.3.1 Isotope Ratio Determination -        140  (5)
        Calibration Strategies
        8.3.2 Relative Notation vs. Absolute       145  (3)
        Notation of Isotope Amount Ratios
        8.3.3 Mass-Fractionation Correction Laws   148  (1)
      References                                   149  (3)
  Chapter 9 Chemical Imaging                       152  (31)
          Andreas Zitek
          J駻?me Al駮n
          Thomas Prohaska
      9.1 Mass Spectrometric Imaging by SIMS       156  (9)
        9.1.1 Key Aspects in the Image             157  (4)
        Production Process using SIMS
        9.1.2 Software Tools for Image             161  (1)
        Production
        9.1.3 Summary of the Picture-Creation      161  (2)
        Process with SIMS
        9.1.4 Applications                         163  (2)
      9.2 Imaging by Laser Ablation ICP-MS         165  (10)
        9.2.1 Key Aspects in the Image             166  (5)
        Production Process using LA-ICP-MS
        9.2.2 Software Tools for Data              171  (1)
        Processing and Image Production
        9.2.3 Summary of the Picture Creation      172  (2)
        Process with LA-ICP-MS
        9.2.4 Applications                         174  (1)
      References                                   175  (8)
  Chapter 10 Metrology                             183  (16)
          Johanna Irrgeher
          Thomas Prohaska
      10.1 General Terminology and Explanatory     185  (6)
      Notes
      10.2 Uncertainty                             191  (3)
      10.3 Traceability                            194  (1)
      10.4 Reference Materials                     195  (1)
      References                                   196  (3)
Magnetic Sector Field Instruments
  Chapter 11 Magnetic Sector Field Instruments     199  (9)
          Thomas Prohaska
  Chapter 12 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass       208  (111)
  Spectrometry
          Norbert Jakubowski
          Monika Horsky
          Peter H. Roos
          Frank Vanhaecke
          Thomas Prohaska
      12.1 General                                 210  (4)
        12.1.1 Single-Collector ICP-MS             211  (1)
        12.1.2 Multicollector ICP-MS               212  (2)
      12.2 Technical Background                    214  (12)
        12.2.1 Sample Introduction                 215  (3)
        12.2.2 Ion Source                          218  (1)
        12.2.3 Sampling Interface                  219  (2)
        12.2.4 Lens System                         221  (1)
        12.2.5 Sector Field Mass Separator         222  (1)
        12.2.6 Slit System                         223  (1)
        12.2.7 Transfer and Filter Optics          223  (1)
        12.2.8 Detection System                    224  (1)
        12.2.9 Vacuum System                       225  (1)
      12.3 Instrumentation                         226  (8)
        12.3.1 Single-Collector ICP-MS             227  (2)
        12.3.2 Multicollector ICP-MS               229  (5)
      12.4 Measurement Considerations              234  (9)
        12.4.1 Spectral Interferences              234  (2)
        12.4.2 Scan Conditions                     236  (2)
        (Single-Collector ICP-SFMS)
        12.4.3 Mass Calibrations                   238  (1)
        (Single-Collector ICP-SFMS)
        12.4.4 Isotope Ratio Analysis              239  (1)
        12.4.5 Speciation Analysis                 240  (2)
        12.4.6 Beam Alignment (Multicollector      242  (1)
        ICP-SFMS)
      12.5 Applications of Sector Field ICP-MS     243  (52)
        12.5.1 Applications of Single-Collector    245  (35)
        ICP-SFMS
        12.5.2 Applications of Multicollector      280  (15)
        ICP-MS
      References                                   295  (24)
  Chapter 13 Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry      319  (62)
          Cornel Venzago
          Jorge Pisonero
      13.1 General                                 321  (3)
      13.2 Technical Background                    324  (12)
        13.2.1 Glow Discharge Ion Source           324  (4)
        13.2.2 Sampling Interface                  328  (1)
        13.2.3 Magnetic and Electric Sectors       329  (1)
        13.2.4 Detection System                    329  (1)
        13.2.5 Instrumentation                     330  (6)
      13.3 Measurement Considerations              336  (26)
        13.3.1 Spectral Interferences              336  (3)
        13.3.2 Analytical Figures of Merit         339  (3)
        13.3.3 Mass Accuracy                       342  (1)
        13.3.4 Quantification Strategies           343  (11)
        13.3.5 Analysis of Nonconducting           354  (5)
        Materials
        13.3.6 Depth Profiling by GDMS             359  (3)
      13.4 Applications                            362  (10)
        13.4.1 Applications in Environmental       364  (1)
        Sciences
        13.4.2 Applications in Industrial and      365  (6)
        Material Research
        13.4.3 Applications in Geological,         371  (1)
        Cosmological and Radionuclide Research
      References                                   372  (9)
  Chapter 14 Thermal Ionisation Mass               381  (58)
  Spectrometry
          Stefan Burger
          Jochen Vogl
          Urs Kloetzli
          Laurie Nunes
          Mark Lavelle
      14.1 General                                 383  (4)
      14.2 Technical Background                    387  (11)
        14.2.1 Ion Source                          387  (5)
        14.2.2 Magnetic Sector and Electric        392  (1)
        Sector
        14.2.3 Flight Tube                         392  (1)
        14.2.4 Entrance Slit and Exit Slit         392  (1)
        14.2.5 Transfer, Zoom, and Filter Optics   392  (1)
        14.2.6 Detection System                    392  (1)
        14.2.7 Vacuum System                       392  (1)
        14.2.8 Instrumentation                     393  (5)
      14.3 Measurement Considerations              398  (4)
        14.3.1 Mass Fractionation and              398  (1)
        Temperature Profile
        14.3.2 Calibration and Metrological        399  (1)
        Traceability
        14.3.3 Total Evaporation                   400  (1)
        14.3.4 Polyatomic and Molecular            401  (1)
        Interferences
      14.4 Applications                            402  (26)
        14.4.1 Applications in Life Sciences       402  (2)
        14.4.2 Applications in Environmental       404  (3)
        Sciences
        14.4.3 Applications in Archaeometry and    407  (2)
        Forensics
        14.4.4 Applications in Industrial,         409  (4)
        Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Material Research
        14.4.5 Applications in Earth Sciences      413  (9)
        14.4.6 Applications in Geology -           422  (1)
        Radiogenic Isotope Geochemistry
        14.4.7 Applications in Metrology           423  (4)
        14.4.8 Metrological Applications in        427  (1)
        Nuclear Science
      References                                   428  (11)
  Chapter 15 Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry       439  (61)
          Laure Sangely
          Bernard Boyer
          Emmanuel de Chambost
          Nathalie Valle
          Jean-Nicolas Audinot
          Trevor Ireland
          Michael Wiedenbeck
          J駻?me Al駮n
          Harald Jungnickel
          Jean-Paul Barnes
          Philippe Bienvenu
          Uwe Breuer
      15.1 General                                 441  (6)
        15.1.1 Fundamentals of Secondary           441  (2)
        Emission
        15.1.2 Pre-Equilibrium and Equilibrium     443  (1)
        State
        15.1.3 Characteristics of Secondary Ions   444  (1)
        15.1.4 Samples and Analytes                445  (1)
        15.1.5 Analytical Capability               445  (2)
      15.2 Technical Background                    447  (11)
        15.2.1 Sample Introduction                 448  (1)
        15.2.2 Ion Source                          449  (2)
        15.2.3 Ion Source Projection Column        451  (1)
        15.2.4 Analytical Chamber                  451  (1)
        15.2.5 Transfer Optics                     452  (1)
        15.2.6 The Spectrometer                    453  (1)
        15.2.7 The Projection Optics               454  (1)
        15.2.8 The Detection System                455  (2)
        15.2.9 The Vacuum System                   457  (1)
      15.3 Instrumentation                         458  (17)
        15.3.1 History of Magnetic SIMS            458  (8)
        Instrumentation
        15.3.2 Instruments Currently on the        466  (9)
        Market
      15.4 Measurement Considerations              475  (5)
        15.4.1 Mass Resolution Power               475  (1)
        15.4.2 Interferences                       476  (1)
        15.4.3 Calibration                         477  (2)
        15.4.4 Matrix Effects                      479  (1)
      15.5 Applications                            480  (12)
        15.5.1 Applications in Geochemistry and    480  (6)
        Cosmochemistry
        15.5.2 Applications in Material Science    486  (3)
        15.5.3 Applications in Nuclear             489  (2)
        Safeguards
        15.5.4 Applications in Life Sciences       491  (1)
      References                                   492  (8)
  Chapter 16 Gas Source Isotope Ratio Mass         500  (50)
  Spectrometry (IRMS)
          Willi A. Brand
          Charles B. Douthitt
          Francois Fourel
          Rodrigo Maia
          Carla Rodrigues
          Cristina Maguas
          Thomas Prohaska
      16.1 General                                 503  (5)
      16.2 Technical Background                    508  (7)
        16.2.1 Sample Preparation509  (2)
        16.2.2 Sample Introduction                 511  (1)
        16.2.3 Ion Source                          512  (2)
        16.2.4 Sector Field Mass Analyser          514  (1)
        16.2.5 Interface and Vacuum System         515  (1)
        16.2.6 Detection System                    515  (1)
      16.3 Commercially Available Instruments      515  (8)
      16.4 Measurement Considerations              523  (6)
        16.4.1 Hydrogen                            523  (1)
        16.4.2 Oxygen                              524  (1)
        16.4.3 Water                               525  (1)
        16.4.4 Organic Carbon and Nitrogen         525  (1)
        16.4.5 Measurement of Carbonates           526  (1)
        16.4.6 Clumped Isotopes                    527  (1)
        16.4.7 Compounds with Sulfur               527  (1)
        16.4.8 Halogens                            528  (1)
        16.4.9 Silicon, Selenium, Germanium,       528  (1)
        Uranium
        16.4.10 Corrections for Isobaric           529  (1)
        Interferences
      16.5 Selected Applications                   529  (9)
        16.5.1 Applications in Earth and           530  (2)
        Geosciences, Paleoclimate Research and
        Cosmochemistry
        16.5.2 Applications in Environmental       532  (4)
        Sciences
        16.5.3 Applications in Archaeometry and    536  (1)
        Forensics
        16.5.4 Applications in Life Sciences       536  (1)
        16.5.5 Applications in Industry,           537  (1)
        Nuclear Research and Material Research
      References                                   538  (12)
  Chapter 17 Gas Source Isotope Ratio Mass         550  (32)
  Spectrometry for the Analysis of Noble Gases
          Sergey Assonov
          Thomas Prohaska
      17.1 General (Peculiarities of Noble-Gas     552  (4)
      Mass Spectrometry)
      17.2 Technical Background                    556  (8)
        17.2.1 Sampling, Extraction and            556  (3)
        Purification
        17.2.2 Sample Introduction                 559  (2)
        17.2.3 Ion Source                          561  (1)
        17.2.4 Sector Field Mass Analyser          562  (1)
        17.2.5 Interface and Vacuum System         562  (1)
        17.2.6 Detection System                    563  (1)
      17.3 Instrumentation                         564  (4)
      17.4 Measurement Considerations              568  (6)
        17.4.1 Referencing Strategies and Data     568  (3)
        Reporting
        17.4.2 Noble-Gas Components (He, Ne,       571  (2)
        Ar, Kr and Xe) and Component
        Deconvolution
        17.4.3 Tritium Determination by 3He        573  (1)
        Accumulation
        17.4.4 Isobaric Interferences and          573  (1)
        Memory Effects
      17.5 Selected Applications                   574  (3)
        17.5.1 Applications in Earth and           574  (3)
        Geosciences, Paleoclimate Research and
        Cosmoscience
      17.6 Stable Isotopes by Using Noble-Gas      577  (1)
      Static Vacuum Approach
      References                                   577  (5)
  Chapter 18 Outlook                               582  (8)
          Thomas Prohaska
          Johanna Irrgeher
          Andreas Zitek
Epilogue                                           590  (2)
Subject Index                                      592