Economic Synthesis of Heterocycles: Zinc, Iron, Copper, Cobalt, Manganese and Nickel Catalysts

[BOOK DESCRIPTION]

Heterocycle synthesis is one of the largest areas of modern organic chemistry. Heterocycles have a broad range of applications including pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and dyes, and are the core structure to around 90% of naturally-occurring molecules. Transition metal catalysts have become favoured in heterocycle synthesis, not least because of their low cost, but also due to their relatively low environmental toxicity and biocompatibility. This book presents an overview of the state-of-the-art in transition metal catalysis for heterocycle synthesis. Each metal is discussed in turn, presenting a comprehensive source of information on the use of zinc, iron, copper, cobalt, manganese, and nickel in a sustainable and economic manner. Referencing the latest primary literature, and authored by active researchers in the field, this book is a must-have resource for anyone wishing to undertake an economic and sustainable approach to heterocycle synthesis.

[TABLE OF CONTENTS]

Chapter 1 Introduction                             1  (5)
  References                                       4  (2)
Chapter 2 Zinc-Catalyzed Heterocycle Synthesis     6  (53)
  2.1 Five-Membered Heterocycles                   6  (27)
    2.1.1 Zinc-Catalyzed Synthesis of Carbonates   6  (2)
    2.1.2 Zinc-Catalyzed Synthesis of Tetrazoles   8  (4)
    2.1.3 Zinc-Catalyzed Synthesis of Pyrroles     12 (6)
    2.1.4 Zinc-Catalyzed Synthesis of Furans       18 (2)
    2.1.5 Zinc-Catalyzed Synthesis of              20 (2)
    Pyrrolidines
    2.1.6 Zinc-Catalyzed Synthesis of Indoles,     22 (11)
    Pyrazoles and Other Heterocycles
  2.2 Six-Membered Heterocycles                    33 (16)
  2.3 Other Heterocycles                           49 (3)
  2.4 Summary                                      52 (1)
  References                                       52 (7)
Chapter 3 Iron-Catalyzed Heterocycle Synthesis     59 (100)
  3.1 Five-Membered Heterocycles                   59 (56)
    3.1.1 Iron-Catalyzed Synthesis of              59 (6)
    Pyrrolidine Derivatives
    3.1.2 Iron-Catalyzed Synthesis of Pyrrole      65 (6)
    Derivatives
    3.1.3 Iron-Catalyzed Synthesis of Other        71 (4)
    Five-Membered Nitrogen-Containing
    Heterocycles
    3.1.4 Iron-Catalyzed Synthesis of Furan        75 (3)
    Derivatives
    3.1.5 Iron-Catalyzed Synthesis of              78 (4)
    Tetrahydrofuran Derivatives
    3.1.6 Iron-Catalyzed Synthesis of Lactones     82 (10)
    and Some Other Compounds
    3.1.7 Synthesis of Benzo-Fused                 92 (23)
    Five-Membered Heterocycles
  3.2 Six-Membered Heterocycles                    115(31)
  3.3 Other Heterocycles                           146(5)
  3.4 Summary                                      151(1)
  References                                       151(8)
Chapter 4 Copper-Catalyzed HeterocyFle Synthesis   159(190)
  4.1 Three-Membered Heterocycles                  159(9)
  4.2 Five-membered Heterocycles                   168(116)
    4.2.1 Copper-Catalyzed Synthesis of            168(10)
    1,2,3-Triazole Derivatives
    4.2.2 Copper-Catalyzed Synthesis of            178(4)
    Imidazole Derivatives
    4.2.3 Copper-Catalyzed Synthesis of            182(10)
    Benzimidazole Derivatives
    4.2.4 Copper-Catalyzed Synthesis of Oxazole    192(7)
    Derivatives
    4.2.5 Copper-Catalyzed Synthesis of            199(3)
    Benzoxazole Derivatives
    4.2.6 Copper-Catalyzed Synthesis of            202(6)
    Indazole Derivatives
    4.2.7 Copper-Catalyzed Synthesis of            208(11)
    Benzothiazole Derivatives
    4.2.8 Copper-Catalyzed Synthesis of Furan      219(7)
    Derivatives
    4.2.9 Copper-Catalyzed Synthesis of            226(7)
    Benzofuran Derivatives
    4.2.10 Copper-Catalyzed Synthesis of           233(6)
    Pyrrole Derivatives
    4.2.11 Copper-Catalyzed Synthesis of Indole    239(14)
    Derivatives
    4.2.12 Copper-Catalyzed Synthesis of           253(2)
    Pyrrolidine Derivatives
    4.2.13 Copper-Catalyzed Synthesis of           255(5)
    Indoline Derivatives
    4.2.14 Copper-Catalyzed Synthesis of           260(4)
    Indolinone Derivatives
    4.2.15 Copper-Catalyzed Synthesis of           264(7)
    Imidazopyridine Derivatives
    4.2.16 Copper-Catalyzed Synthesis of Sulfur    271(3)
    Containing Heterocycles
    4.2.17 Copper-Catalyzed Synthesis of Other     274(10)
    Five-Membered Heterocycles
  4.3 Six-Membered Heterocycles                    284(33)
  4.4 Other Heterocycles                           317(6)
  4.5 Summary                                      323(1)
  References                                       324(25)
Chapter 5 Cobalt-Catalyzed Heterocycle Synthesis   349(37)
  5.1 Five-Membered Heterocycles                   349(18)
  5.2 Six-Membered and Other Heterocycles          367(13)
  5.3 Summary                                      380(1)
  References                                       380(6)
Chapter 6 Manganese-Catalyzed Heterocycle          386(49)
Synthesis
  6.1 Three-Membered Heterocycles                  386(13)
    6.1.1 Manganese-Catalyzed Synthesis of         386(13)
    Epoxides
  6.2 Five-Membered Heterocycles                   399(20)
    6.2.1 Manganese-Catalyzed Synthesis of         399(5)
    Lactones
    6.2.2 Manganese-Catalyzed Synthesis of         404(11)
    Furans
    6.2.3 Manganese-Catalyzed Synthesis of         415(4)
    Pyrroles and Related Compounds
  6.3 Six-Membered Heterocycles                    419(6)
  6.4 Other Heterocycles                           425(4)
  6.5 Summary                                      429(1)
  References                                       429(6)
Chapter 7 Nickel-Catalyzed Heterocycle Synthesis   435(64)
  7.1 Five-Membered Heterocycles                   435(26)
  7.2 Six-Membered Heterocycles                    461(30)
  7.3 Other Heterocycles                           491(2)
  7.4 Summary                                      493(1)
  References                                       493(6)
Chapter 8 Outlook                                  499(1)
Subject Index                                      500