Electromagnetic Wave Scattering from Random Rough Surfaces

[BOOK DESCRIPTION]

Electromagnetic wave scattering from random rough surfaces is an active, interdisciplinary area of research with myriad practical applications in fields such as optics, acoustics, geoscience and remote sensing. Focusing on the case of random rough surfaces, this book presents classical asymptotic models used to describe electromagnetic wave scattering. The authors begin by outlining the basic concepts relevant to the topic before moving on to look at the derivation of the scattered field under asymptotic models, based on the Kirchhoff-tangent plane, in order to calculate both the scattered field and the statistical average intensity. More elaborated asymptotic models are also described for dealing with specific cases, and numerical results are presented to illustrate these models. Comparisons with a reference numerical method are made to confirm and refine the theoretical validity domains. The final chapter derives the expressions of the scattering intensities of random rough surfaces under the asymptotic models. Its expressions are given for their incoherent contributions, from statistical calculations.These results are then compared with numerical computations using a Monte-Carlo process, as well as with experimental models, for sea surface backscattering. Contents 1. Electromagnetic Wave Scattering from Random Rough Surfaces: Basics. 2. Derivation of the Scattered Field under Asymptotic Models. 3. Derivation of the Normalized Radar Cross-Section under Asymptotic Models. APPENDIX 1. Far-Field Scattered Fields under the Method of Stationary Phase. APPENDIX 2. Calculation of the Scattering Coefficients under the GO for 3D Problems. About the Authors Nicolas Pinel worked as a Research Engineer at the IETR (Institut d'Electronique et de Telecommunications de Rennes) laboratory at Polytech Nantes (University of Nantes, France) before joining Alyotech Technologies in Rennes, France, in July 2013. His research interests are in the areas of radar and optical remote sensing, scattering and propagation. In particular, he works on asymptotic methods of electromagnetic wave scattering from random rough surfaces and layers.Christophe Bourlier works at the IETR (Institut d'Electronique et de Telecommunications de Rennes) laboratory at Polytech Nantes (University of Nantes, France) and is also a Researcher at the French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) on electromagnetic wave scattering from rough surfaces and objects for remote sensing applications and radar signatures. He is the author of more than 160 journal articles and conference papers.

[TABLE OF CONTENTS]

Preface                                            ix
Introduction                                       x
Chapter 1 Electromagnetic Wave Scattering From     1  (40)
Random Rough Surfaces: Basics
  1.1 Introduction                                 1  (1)
  1.2 Generalities                                 2  (10)
    1.2.1 Maxwell equations and boundary           2  (3)
    conditions
    1.2.2 Propagation of a plane wave              5  (2)
    (Helmholtz equation and plane wave)
    1.2.3 Incident wave at an interface:           7  (5)
    polarization
  1.3 Random rough surfaces: statistical           12 (16)
  description and electromagnetic roughness
    1.3.1 Statistical description of random        12 (7)
    rough surfaces
    1.3.2 Specific case of sea surfaces            19 (2)
    1.3.3 Electromagnetic roughness and            21 (7)
    Rayleigh roughness criterion
  1.4 Scattering of electromagnetic waves from     28 (13)
  rough surfaces: basics
    1.4.1 Presentation of the problem (2D/3D)      28 (2)
    1.4.2 Huygens' principle and extinction        30 (3)
    theorem
    1.4.3 Green functions (2D/3D)                  33 (3)
    1.4.4 Scattered powers and scattering          36 (5)
    coefficients
Chapter 2 Derivation Of The Scattered Field        41 (40)
Under Asymptotic Models
  2.1 Bibliography on existing models              42 (16)
    2.1.1 Introduction                             42 (1)
    2.1.2 Rigorous models                          43 (1)
    2.1.3 Asymptotic models                        44 (8)
    2.1.4 General properties of scattering         52 (3)
    2.1.5 A few details on the KA and the GO       55 (3)
  2.2 Scattering in reflection and transmission    58 (11)
  under the KA with shadowing effect
    2.2.1 KA in reflection and transmission        58 (4)
    with shadowing effect for 2D problems
    2.2.2 Extension of the KA model to 3D          62 (7)
    problems
  2.3 Scattering in reflection for 3D problems     69 (12)
  under various asymptotic models
    2.3.1 Context and specific notations           69 (2)
    2.3.2 The small perturbation model             71 (2)
    2.3.3 The Kirchhoff                            73 (2)
    approximation-high-frequency regime
    2.3.4 The weighted curvature approximation     75 (1)
    2.3.5 The small slope approximation            75 (1)
    2.3.6 The local curvature approximation        76 (1)
    2.3.7 The resonant curvature approximation     76 (1)
    2.3.8 Validation of the different              77 (4)
    asymptotic numerical models for 2D problems
Chapter 3 Derivation Of The Normalized Radar       81 (44)
Cross-Section Under Asymptotic Models
  3.1 Derivation of incoherent normalized radar    82 (15)
  cross-section under the GO for 2D problems
    3.1.1 Incoherent NRCS under the GO with        82 (4)
    shadowing effect for 2D problems
    3.1.2 Calculation of the bistatic shadowing    86 (11)
    functions in reflection and transmission
  3.2 General properties and energy                97 (11)
  conservation of the GO for 2D problems
    3.2.1 General properties of the GO for 2D      97 (2)
    problems
    3.2.2 Study of energy conservation under       99 (9)
    the GO for 2D problems
  3.3 Scattering coefficients under the GO with    108(3)
  shadowing effect for 3D problems
  3.4 Energy conservation of the GO model for      111(6)
  3D problems
    3.4.1 Case of a perfectly conducting lower     112(3)
    medium
    3.4.2 Case of a lossless dielectric lower      115(2)
    medium
  3.5 Scattering in reflection for 3D problems     117(8)
  under various asymptotic models
    3.5.1 Expression of the NRCS under the SPM1    118(1)
    3.5.2 Expression of the NRCS under the GO      118(1)
    3.5.3 Expression of the NRCS under the SSA     119(1)
    3.5.4 Validation and comparison of the         119(2)
    different asymptotic analytical models for
    2D problems
    3.5.5 Comparison between numerical and         121(4)
    analytical asymptotic models for 3D problems
Appendix 1. Fair-Field Scattered Fields Under      125(6)
The Method Of Stationary Phase
Appendix 2. Calculation Of The Scattering          131(6)
Coefficients Under The Go For 3d Problems
Bibliography                                       137(12)
Index                                              149