[内容简介]

The demands of production, such as thin films in microelectronics, rely on consideration of factors influencing the interaction of dissimilar materials that make contact with their surfaces. Bond formation between surface layers of dissimilar condensed solids—termed adhesion—depends on the nature of the contacting bodies. Thus, it is necessary to determine the characteristics of adhesion interaction of different materials from both applied and fundamental perspectives of surface phenomena. Given the difficulty in obtaining reliable experimental values of the adhesion strength of coatings, the theoretical approach to determining adhesion characteristics becomes more important.

Surface Physics: Theoretical Models and Experimental Methods presents straightforward and efficient approaches and methods developed by the authors that enable the calculation of surface and adhesion characteristics for a wide range of materials: metals, alloys, semiconductors, and complex compounds. The authors compare results from the proposed theories—developed within the framework of the electron density functional theory and dielectric formalism—to experimental data. The book begins with a discussion of the thermodynamics of surface phenomena and covers experimental and theoretical methods for studying surface characteristics of solids.

Chapters describe calculations of surface and adhesion characteristics of metals using the density functional method. They also examine the calculation of adhesion characteristics of metals, semiconductors, and complex compounds based on dielectric formalism. In addition, the text covers dry friction, adsorption of metal atoms, and ferromagnetic films. The principles and methods presented in this book are useful in selecting optimum materials and coatings for various applications, including minimizing friction for increased efficiency of microelectronic components.

[目录]

THERMODYNAMICS OF SURFACE PHENOMENA
Surface tension and surface stress
The equilibrium shape of crystals. The Gibbs–Curie principle and Wulff theorem
The role of surface tension in the formation of a new phase. Nuclei
Gibbs equation for adsorption of solids. Surface-active substances
Surface phase transitions

EXPERIMENTAL METHODS OF STUDY OF SURFACE PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS
Methods for studying the atomic structure
Methods of investigating electronic properties
Methods for studying the dynamics of the lattice, diffusion and film growth mechanisms
Methods for measuring the thermodynamic characteristics of adsorbed films

LOCALIZED STATES AND SURFACE ELEMENTARY EXCITATIONS
Introduction
Electronic surface states
Surface Plasmon
Surface phonons and polaritons
Surface magnons

SURFACE PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS AND METHODS FOR DESCRIBING THEM
Introduction
Main stages and directions of development of the theory of metal surfaces
The original equations of the density functional method for the study of the surface properties of metals
Application of the density functional method (DFM) for calculation of the work function of the electron from the metal surface
The phenomenon of adhesion and ways of describing it
Adsorption on metal surfaces
Conclusions

CALCULATION OF SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS OF METALS USING THE METHOD OF THE ELECTRONIC DENSITY FUNCTIONAL
Introduction
Methods of calculating the surface energy
Methods of calculating the electron work function of metal surfaces
Application of the Heine–Abarenkov potential in the calculation of the surface characteristics of metals

CALCULATION OF ADHESION CHARACTERISTICS OF METALS AND THEIR MELTS BY THE DENSITY FUNCTIONAL METHOD
Introduction
The basic equations. Calculation procedure
The calculation results and discussion
Influence of the intermediate dielectric layer on the adhesion of metals
Influence of lattice relaxation effects of the surface on adhesion of metals
Adhesion of metal and ionic crystal

CALCULATION OF ADHESION CHARACTERISTICS OF METALS, SEMICONDUCTORS AND COMPLEX COMPOUNDS BASED ON DIELECTRIC FORMALISM
Introduction
Theoretical principles for determining the adhesion characteristics of the contact surfaces
Adhesion of metals
Adhesion of semiconductors
Calculation of the adhesion characteristics of contact of metals and semiconductors with a dielectric
Adhesion of complex compounds
Description of the method of calculation of the adhesion properties of diamond-like coatings
Methods and tools for measuring the adhesion of thin films

FRICTION OF SURFACES OF SOLIDS WITH NO LUBRICATION (DRY FRICTION)
Types of friction and dry friction laws. Wear
The principles of choosing optimal pairs of materials for non-lubricated moving friction sections
The method and calculation of the adhesion component of friction force of metals under dry friction conditions
The method and calculation of the friction characteristics of metals with solid lubricant materials, oxide and diamond-like wear-resistant coatings
Application of methods for calculating the adhesion and tribological properties to select the optimum friction pairs

THEORETICAL MODELS AND METHODS OF DESCRIPTION OF ADSORPTION OF METAL ATOMS ON METALLIC SURFACES
Introduction. Understanding the adsorption process
A multiparameter model of non-activated adsorption of atoms
The model of activated adsorption of metal atoms on metallic surfaces
Effect of adsorption of metal atoms on the work function of the electron from metal surfaces

FERROMAGNETISM OF ULTRATHIN FILMS OF TRANSITION METALS
Introduction
Adsorption of transition metal ions on metal surfaces with formation of submonolayer ferromagnetic films
Activated adsorption of magnetic ions. The influence of the effects of ferromagnetic ordering

Appendix: Determination of the Minimum of the Function of n Variables
References
Index