Controlling the properties of materials by modifying their composition and by manipulating the arrangement of atoms and molecules is a dream that can be achieved by nanotechnology. As one of the fastest developing and innovative -- as well as well-funded -- fields in science, nanotechnology has already significantly changed the research landscape in chemistry, materials science, and physics, with numerous applications in consumer products, such as sunscreens and water-repellent clothes. It is also thanks to this multidisciplinary field that flat panel displays, highly efficient solar cells, and new biological imaging techniques have become reality. This second, enlarged edition has been fully updated to address the rapid progress made within this field in recent years. Internationally recognized experts provide comprehensive, first-hand information, resulting in an overview of the entire nano-micro world. In so doing, they cover aspects of funding and commercialization, the manufacture and future applications of nanomaterials, the fundamentals of nanostructures leading to macroscale objects as well as the ongoing miniaturization toward the nanoscale domain.Along the way, the authors explain the effects occurring at the nanoscale and the nanotechnological characterization techniques. An additional topic on the role of nanotechnology in energy and mobility covers the challenge of developing materials and devices, such as electrodes and membrane materials for fuel cells and catalysts for sustainable transportation. Also new to this edition are the latest figures for funding, investments, and commercialization prospects, as well as recent research programs and organizations.
Volume 1
Foreword xv
Acknowledgment xvii
List of Contributors xix
Introduction xxvii
Part I Nanotechnology Research Funding and 1 (94)
Commercialization Prospects -- Political,
Social and Economic Context for the Science
and Application of Nanotechnology
1 A European Strategy for Micro- and 3 (16)
Nanoelectronic Components and Systems
Neelie Kroes
1.1 Introduction 3 (1)
1.2 Why are Micro-and Nanoelectronics 4 (1)
Essential for Europe?
1.2.1 An Important Industry with a 4 (1)
Significant Potential for Growth and a
Massive Economic Footprint
1.2.2 A Key Technology for Addressing 4 (1)
the Societal Challenges
1.3 A Changing Industrial Landscape for 5 (2)
Micro-and Nanoelectronics
1.3.1 Technology Progress Opens New 5 (1)
Opportunities
1.3.2 Escalating R&D&I Costs and a More 5 (1)
Competitive R&D&I Environment
1.3.3 New Business and Production Models 6 (1)
1.3.4 Equipment Manufacturers Own Key 7 (1)
Elements of the Value Chain
1.4 Europe's Strengths and Weaknesses 7 (2)
1.4.1 Industry Structured around 7 (1)
Centers of Excellence and Wider Supply
Chains Covering all Europe
1.4.2 Leading in Essential Vertical 8 (1)
Markets, Almost Absent in Some Large
Segments
1.4.3 Undisputed European Leadership in 8 (1)
Materials and Equipment
1.4.4 Investments of EU Companies 9 (1)
Remain Relatively Modest
1.5 European Efforts So Far 9 (1)
1.5.1 Regional and National Efforts 9 (1)
Reinforcing the Clusters of Excellence
1.5.2 A Growing and More Coordinated 9 (1)
Investment in R&D&I at EU Level
1.5.3 Technology Breakthroughs but Gaps 10 (1)
in the Innovation Chain
1.6 The Way Forward -- A European 10 (2)
Industrial Strategy
1.6.1 Objective: Reverse the Decline of 10 (1)
EU's Share of World's Supply
1.6.2 Focus on Europe's Strengths, 11 (1)
Build on and Reinforce Europe's Leading
Clusters
1.6.3 Seize Opportunities Arising in 11 (1)
Non-conventional Fields and Support
SMEs Growth
1.7 The Actions 12 (3)
1.7.1 Towards a European Strategic 12 (1)
Roadmap for Investment in the Field
1.7.2 The Joint Technology Initiative: 13 (2)
A Tripartite Model for Large-Scale
Projects
1.7.3 Building on and Supporting 15 (1)
Horizontal Competitiveness Measures
1.7 A International Dimension 15 (1)
1.8 Conclusions 16 (3)
Annex 1.A 16 (1)
References 17 (2)
2 Governmental Strategy for the Support of 19 (18)
Nanotechnology in Germany
Gerd Bachmann
Leif Brand
2.1 Introduction 19 (1)
2.2 Future Options 20 (1)
2.3 From Basic Science Funding to the 21 (3)
Nanotechnology Action Plan
2.4 Funding Situation 2011 24 (1)
2.5 Patent Applications in 24 (3)
Nanotechnology: An International
Comparison
2.6 Innovation Accompanying Measures 27 (3)
2.6.1 Outreach and Citizen Dialogues 27 (1)
2.6.2 Chances -- Risks Communication 28 (1)
2.6.3 Database for Nanomaterials 28 (1)
2.6.4 Education 29 (1)
2.7 Involved Organizations 30 (1)
2.8 Cooperation of the Governmental Bodies 31 (1)
2.9 International Cooperation 32 (2)
2.9.1 Research Marketing 33 (1)
2.9.2 Activities within the Framework 33 (1)
of the European Union
2.10 Activities within the Framework of 34 (3)
the Organization for Economic Cooperation
and Development (OECD)
References 34 (3)
3 Overview on Nanotechnology R&D and 37 (18)
Commercialization in the Asia Pacific Region
Lerwen Liu
3.1 Introduction 37 (3)
3.2 Public Investments 40 (5)
3.3 Infrastructure 45 (3)
3.4 R&D and Commercialization 48 (9)
3.5 Nanosafety, Standardization, and 57
Education
3.6 Summary 52 (3)
Glossary 52 (1)
References 53 (2)
4 Near-Industrialization Nanotechnologies 55 (24)
Developed in JST's Nanomanufacturing
Research Area in Japan
Yasuhiro Horiike
4.1 Introduction 55 (2)
4.2 Utilization of Ionic Liquids Under 57 (3)
Vacuum Conditions for Nanoparticle
Production and Electron Microscopic
Studies
4.2.1 Introduction 57 (1)
4.2.2 Production of Metal Nanoparticles 57 (1)
by Sputtering Instrument
4.2.3 Electron Microscopic Studies of 58 (1)
Biopsy Specimens Using IL
4.2.4 Conclusion 59 (1)
4.3 Solution Plasma Process: An Emerging 60 (2)
Technology for Nanoparticles Synthesis
4.3.1 Solution Plasma Process 60 (1)
4.3.2 Synthesis of Carbon Nanoparticles 61 (1)
and Its Application in Electrochemistry
4.3.3 Conclusion 61 (1)
4.4 2D Inorganic Nanosheets 62 (4)
4.4.1 Background 62 (1)
4.4.2 Synthesis of Titanium Oxide 63 (1)
Nanosheets
4.4.3 Production of TiO2 Particulates 64 (1)
in Novel Shapes and Their
Commercialization
4.4.4 Fabrication of Nanostructured 64 (1)
Films and Their Applications
4.4.5 Conclusion 65 (1)
4.5 Ultimate Separation of SWCNT and Its 66 (3)
Application to Novel Electonic Devices
4.5.1 Research Background 66 (1)
4.5.2 Production of 2G-SWCNT and Its 66 (3)
Applications
4.5.3 Conclusion 69 (1)
4.6 Development of Liquid Crystalline 69 (3)
Organic Semiconductors
4.6.1 Historical Background 69 (1)
4.6.2 Research Project 69 (3)
4.6.3 Conclusion 72 (1)
4.7 Polythene Micelles for Cancer Therapy 72 (3)
4.7.1 Background and Present Status 72 (1)
4.7.2 Polymeric Micelles as Nanocarriers 72 (1)
4.7.3 Perspectives to Industrialization 73 (1)
4.7.4 Conclusions 74 (1)
4.8 Nanoparticulate Vaccine Adjuvants and 75 (4)
Delivery Systems
4.8.1 Introduction 75 (1)
4.8.2 The Role of Nanotechnology in 75 (1)
Vaccine Developments
4.8.3 Biodegradable Nanoparticles as 76 (1)
Vaccine Adjuvants and Delivery Systems
4.8.4 Clinical Application of 77 (1)
Particulate Vaccine Adjuvants
4.8.5 Conclusions 77 (1)
References 77 (2)
5 Quo Vadis Nanotechnology? 79 (16)
Witold Lojkowski
Hans-Jorg Fecht
Anna Swiderska Sroda
5.1 Introduction 79 (1)
5.2 What is Nanotechnology? 80 (2)
5.3 Quo Vadis Nanotechnology -- In 82 (3)
Academia?
5.4 Quo Vadis Nanotechnology -- In 85 (1)
Industry Eyes?
5.5 Quo Vadis Nanotechnology -- In 86 (1)
Governments' and Funding Agencies' Eyes?
5.6 Quo Vadis Nanotechnology -- In the 87 (2)
World of Regulations, Laws and Standards?
5.7 Quo Vadis Nanotechnology -- In 89 (1)
Society's Eyes?
5.8 Effect of Education on Nanotechnology 90 (1)
Development
5.9 Conclusions 91 (2)
5.10 Limitations of the Chapter 93 (2)
Acknowledgements 93 (1)
References 93 (2)
Part II Development of Micro and 95 (110)
Nanotechnologies
6 Micro/Nanoroughness Structures on 97 (18)
Superhydrophobic Polymer Surfaces
Jared J. Victor
Uwe Erb
Gino Palumbo
6.1 Introduction 97 (1)
6.2 Superhydrophobic Surfaces in Nature 98 (1)
-- The Lotus Effect
6.3 Basic Wetting Properties 99 (1)
6.4 Advanced Wetting Properties 100 (1)
6.5 Aspen Leaves as a Biological Blueprint 101 (2)
6.6 Template Design 103 (4)
6.7 Polymer Pressing 107 (2)
6.8 Process Scalability 109 (2)
6.9 Conclusions 111 (4)
Acknowledgments 112 (1)
References 112 (3)
7 Multisensor Metrology Bridging the Gap to 115 (20)
the Nanometer -- New Measurement
Requirements and Solutions in Wafer-Based
Production
Thomas Fries
7.1 Unflexible Metrology Solutions are 115 (1)
Inefficient
7.2 The Solution is Named Multisensor 116 (2)
Metrology
7.3 Basic Setup of a Multisensor 118 (1)
Metrology Tool
7.4 Different Measuring Technologies 118 (5)
Available
7.5 Metrology on Wafers has Reached the 123 (1)
Third Dimension
7.6 Roughness Measurement 124 (1)
7.7 Geometrical Data -- TTV, Bow, Warp, 124 (4)
and So On
7.8 Nanotopography 128 (2)
7.9 TSV Measurement 130 (2)
7.10 Film Thickness and Stack Layer 132 (1)
Thickness
7.11 Summary 133 (2)
References 134 (1)
8 Nanostructural Metallic Materials -- 135 (24)
Nanoengineering and Nanomanufacturing
Michael E. Fitzpatrick
Francisco G. Caballero
Marcel H. Van de Voorde
8.1 Introduction 135 (1)
8.2 Nanometallics and Nanomaterials 136 (3)
8.2.1 Nanomaterials Science and 136 (1)
Engineering
8.2.2 Nanocrystalline and 137 (2)
Nanostructured Metals
8.3 Production and Manufacturing of 139 (7)
Nanometallic Materials
8.3.1 Processing Routes for 139 (1)
Nanometallic Materials
8.3.2 Primary Production 140 (1)
8.3.3 Secondary Processing 141 (1)
8.3.4 Nanoengineering in the Modern 142 (3)
Steel Industry
8.3.5 Metal Matrix Nanocomposites 145 (1)
8.3.6 The Future of Nanometallic 145 (1)
Materials
8.4 Nanomaterials Engineering -- Issues 146 (3)
and Properties
8.4.1 Mechanical Properties of 147 (1)
Materials and Assemblies
8.4.2 Joining of Nanometallic Materials 147 (1)
8.4.3 Characterization of Properties 148 (1)
under Operating Conditions
8.4.4 Design Principle for 149 (1)
Nanotechnology Engineering
8.5 Analytical Techniques for the Study 149 (5)
of Nano-and Micromechanics
8.5.1 Neutron and Synchroton X-Ray 151 (3)
Techniques
8.5.2 In situ and Environmental Testing 154 (1)
of Materials and Components
8.6 Summary and Future Trends 154 (5)
Acknowledgments 155 (1)
References 156 (3)
9 Bulk Metallic Glass in Micro to Nano 159 (30)
Length Scale Applications
Jan Schroers
Golden Kumar
9.1 Introduction 159 (1)
9.2 Bulk Metallic Glasses 159 (3)
9.2.1 Size-Dependent Properties of a BMG 160 (2)
9.3 Processing of BMGs 162 (8)
9.3.1 Mold Materials 164 (2)
9.3.2 Micromolding Process 166 (1)
9.3.3 Mold Filling Kinetics 166 (4)
9.4 Surface Patterning 170 (5)
9.5 3D Microparts 175 (4)
9.6 Surface Finish 179 (2)
9.7 Conclusions and Outlook 181 (8)
Acknowledgments 182 (1)
References 183 (6)
10 From Oxide Particles to Nanoceramics: 189 (16)
Processes and Applications
Jean-Francois Hochepied
10.1 Introduction 189 (1)
10.2 Solution Chemistry Processes for 189 (4)
Oxide Nanoparticles Usable for
Nanoceramics
10.3 Dense Nanoceramics 193 (6)
10.3.1 Monophased Nanoceramics 194 (1)
10.3.1.1 Processes 194 (1)
10.3.1.2 Properties 195 (2)
10.3.2 Multiphased Oxide Nanoceramics 197 (1)
10.3.2.1 Multiferroic Nanoceramics 197 (2)
Composites
10.4 Porous Ceramics 199 (3)
10.4.1 Random Porosity 199 (1)
10.4.1.1 Fuel Cells 199 (2)
10.4.1.2 Ceramic Membranes for Water 201 (1)
Treatment
10.4.1.3 Ordered and Hierarchical 201 (1)
Porosity
10.5 Conclusion and Perspectives 202 (3)
References 202 (3)
Part III Nanoelectronics and System 205 (84)
Integration
11 Creating Tomorrow's Applications through 207 (18)
Deeper Collaboration between Technology and
Design
Jan Provoost
Diederik Verkest
Gilbert Declerck
11.1 Introduction207 (1)
11.2 A Holistic Approach -- Imec's INSITE 208 (2)
Program
11.3 Bottom-Up -- Designing Tomorrow's 210 (7)
Manufacturable Technology
11.3.1 Modelling the Cost of Future 211 (1)
Technology with and without EUV
Lithography
11.3.2 Developing PDKs and Test Chips 212 (1)
for Advanced Nodes
11.3.3 Looking for Optimal SRAM Memory 213 (1)
Cells
11.3.4 Designing Sophisticated 3D Test 214 (1)
Chips
11.3.5 Optical Data Paths Between and 215 (1)
on Chips
11.3.6 New Materials and Transistors 216 (1)
for Next-Generation Chips
11.4 Top-Down -- Designing Future 217 (5)
Nanoelectronic Applications
11.4.1 Designing a New Toolbox for the 218 (1)
Life Sciences
11.4.1.1 The Vision 218 (1)
11.4.1.2 A Tool to Detect Circulating 218 (1)
Tumor Cells
11.4.2 Designing Next-Generation 219 (1)
Wireless Radios
11.4.2.1 The Vision 219 (1)
11.4.2.2 SCALDIO: A Highly 220 (1)
Reconfigurable Radio Transceiver
11.4.3 Designing a Microsized 221 (1)
Hyperspectral Camera
11.4.3.1 The Vision 221 (1)
11.4.3.2 The Challenge: A 221 (1)
Mass-Produced, Microsized HSI
11.5 Conclusion 222 (3)
References 223 (2)
12 Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube 225 (18)
Network-Based Sensors and Electronic Devices
Wolfgang R. Fahrner
Giovanni Landi
Raffaele Di Giacomo
Heinz C. Neitzert
12.1 Introduction 225 (1)
12.2 CNN without Matrix 226 (4)
12.3 Crystalline Silicon/Polymer 230 (6)
Heterojunctions with and without CNTs for
Applications as Diodes, Solar Cells, and
Electrical Memories
12.3.1 PEDOT: PSS with and without CNTs 230 (3)
on Crystalline Silicon for Photovoltaic
Applications
12.3.2 PMMA with MWCNTs on c-Si 233 (1)
Heterodiodes
12.3.3 Polymerized 234 (2)
Oxadiazole/Crystalline Silicon
Heterojunction as Electrical Memory
Element
12.4 Bio-Nanocomposites with CNTs and 236 (2)
Fungal Cells with Sensing Capability
12.5 Conclusions 238 (5)
Acknowledgments 239 (1)
References 239 (4)
13 Thin Film Piezomaterials for Bulk 243 (28)
Acoustic Wave Technology
Jyrki Molarius
Tommi Riekkinen
Martin Kulawski
Markku Ylilammi
13.1 Introduction 243 (1)
13.2 Zinc Oxide (ZnO) 244 (8)
13.3 Aluminum Nitride (AIN) 252 (5)
13.3.1 Layer Transfer Method 256 (1)
13.4 Scandium-Alloyed Aluminum Nitride 257 (4)
(Sc: AIN)
13.5 Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) 261 (1)
13.6 Lead-Free Piezoelectric Materials 262 (1)
13.7 Future Trends and Applications 263 (1)
13.8 Conclusions 264 (7)
Acknowledgments 265 (1)
References 265 (6)
14 Properties and Applications of 271 (18)
Ferroelectrets
Xunlin Qiu
Dmitry Rychkov
Werner Wirges
14.1 Introduction 271 (1)
14.2 Preparation of Polymer Foams or 272 (4)
Void-Containing Polymer Systems
14.2.1 Polymer Foams 272 (2)
14.2.2 Void-Containing Polymer Systems 274 (2)
14.3 Charging Process 276 (2)
14.3.1 Dielectric Barrier Discharges in 276 (1)
Cavities
14.3.2 Polarization versus 277 (1)
Electric-Field Hysteresis
14.4 Piezoelectricity of Ferroelectrets 278 (2)
and its Stability
14.5 Applications 280 (4)
14.5.1 Concept for Focusing Ultrasound 281 (1)
14.5.2 Ferroelectret Microphone 282 (1)
14.5.3 Control Panels and Keyboards 283 (1)
14.6 Conclusions 284 (5)
References 285 (4)
Volume 2
Foreword xvii
Acknowledgment xix
List of Contributors xxi
Introduction xxix
Part IV Biomedical Technologies and 289 (92)
Nanomedicine
15 Translational Medicine: Nanoscience and 291 (20)
Nanotechnology to Improve Patient Care
Bert Muller
Andreas Zumbuehl
Martin A. Walter
Thomas Pfohl
Philippe C. Cattin
Jorg Huwyler
Simone E. Hieber
16 Nanotechnology Advances in Diagnostics, 311 (30)
Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine
Costas Kiparissides
Olga Kammona
17 Biofunctional Surfaces 341 (22)
Wolfgang Knoll
Amal Kasry
Jakub Dostalek
18 Biomimetic Hierarchies in Diamond-Based 363 (18)
Architectures
Andrei P. Sommer
Matthias Wiora
Hans-Jorg Fecht
Part V Energy and Mobility 381 (92)
19 Nanotechnology in Energy Technology 383 (22)
Baldev Raj
U. Kamachi Mudali
John Philip
Sitaram Dash
20 The Impact of Nanoscience in 405 (26)
Heterogeneous Catalysis
Sharifah Bee Abd Hamid
Robert Schlogl
21 Processing of Nanoporous and Dense Thin 431 (28)
Film Ceramic Membranes
Tim Van Gestel
Hans Peter Buchkremer
22 Nanotechnology and Nanoelectronics for 459 (14)
Automotive Applications
Matthias Werner
Vili Igel
Wolfgang Wondrak
Part VI Process Controls and Analytical 473 (78)
Techniques
23 Characterization of Nanostructured 475 (24)
Materials
Alison Crossley
Colin Johnston
24 Surface Chemical Analysis of 499 (38)
Nanoparticles for Industrial Applications
Marie-Isabelle Baraton
25 Nanometer-Scale View of the Electrified 537 (14)
Interface: A Scanning Probe Microscopy Study
Peter Muller
Laura Rossi
Santos F. Alvarado
Part VII Creative Strategies Connecting 551 (126)
Nanomaterials to the Macroscale World
26 Nanostructured Cement and Concrete 553 (14)
Henning Zoz
Reinhard Trettin
Birgit Funk
Deniz Yigit
27 Hydrogen and Electromobility Agenda 567 (16)
Henning Zoz
Andreas Franz
28 Size Effects in Nanomaterials and Their 583 (16)
Use in Creating Architectured Structural
Metamaterials
Seok-Woo Lee
Julia R. Greer
29 Position and Vision of Small- and 599 (14)
Medium-Sized Enterprises Boosting
Commercialization
Torsten Schmidt
Nadine Teusler
Andreas Baar
30 Optical Elements for EUV Lithography and 613 (16)
X-ray Optics
Stefan Braun
Andreas Leson
31 Industrial Production of Nanomaterials 629 (18)
with Grinding Technologies
Stefan Mende
32 Guidelines for Safe Operation with 647 (30)
Nanomaterials
Iwona Malka
Marcin Jurewicz
Anna Swiderska-Sroda
Joanna Sobczyk
Witold Lojkowski
Sonja Hartl
Andreas Falk
Part VIII Visions for the Future 677 (8)
33 Industrialization -- Large-Scale 679 (6)
Production of Nanomaterials/Components
Marcel Van deVoorde
Index 685
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