Including chemical, synthetic, and cross-disciplinary approaches; this book includes the necessary techniques and technologies to help readers better understand polymers for polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells. The methods in the book are essential to researchers and scientists in the field and will lead to further development in polymer and fuel cell technologies. * Provides complete, essential, and comprehensive overview of polymer applications for PEM fuel cells * Emphasizes state-of-the-art developments and methods, like PEMs for novel fuel cells and polymers for fuel cell catalysts * Includes detailed chapters on major topics, like PEM for direct liquid fuel cells and fluoropolymers and non-fluorinated polymers for PEM * Has relevance to a range of industries - like polymer engineering, materials, and green technology - involved with fuel cell technologies and R&D
Preface ix
Acknowledgments xi
1 Introduction 1 (49)
1.1 Principles of Fuel Cells 1 (2)
1.2 Types of Fuel Cells 3 (11)
1.2.1 AFC 3 (3)
1.2.2 PAFC 6 (1)
1.2.3 MCFC 7 (1)
1.2.4 SOFC 8 (3)
1.2.5 PEMFC 11 (1)
1.2.6 DMFC 12 (2)
1.3 Applications 14 (3)
1.3.1 Stationary Power 15 (1)
1.3.2 Propulsion of Vehicles 15 (2)
1.3.3 Portable Applications 17 (1)
1.4 Needs of Fundamental Materials for 17 (5)
PEM Fuel Cells
1.4.1 Membranes 17 (1)
1.4.2 Electrodes 18 (2)
1.4.3 Polymeric Materials as Components 20 (1)
of Fuel Cell Catalytic System
1.4.4 Bipolar Plates 21 (1)
1.5 Membranes for PEM Fuel Cells 22 (14)
1.5.1 Proton Exchange Membranes 22 (7)
1.5.2 PEMs for DMFCs 29 (5)
1.5.3 Anion Exchange Membranes (AEMs) 34 (1)
1.5.4 Organic-Inorganic Composites 35 (1)
1.6 Testing of PEMs 36 (14)
References 36 (14)
2 Fluoropolymers for Proton Exchange 50 (52)
Membranes
2.1 Introduction 50 (1)
2.2 Perfluorosulfonic Acid Resins 51 (8)
2.2.1 PFSA Polymers with Long Side 53 (2)
Chains
2.2.2 PFSA Polymers with Short Side 55 (3)
Chains
2.2.3 Sulfonimide Membranes 58 (1)
2.3 Partially Fluorinated Polymers 59 (16)
2.3.1 Partially Fluorinated Aromatic 59 (8)
Polymers
2.3.2 Partially Fluorinated Graft 67 (8)
Copolymers
2.4 Durability of Fluoropolymers for 75 (7)
Proton Exchange Membranes
2.5 Composite Membranes Based on 82 (20)
Fluoropolymers
2.5.1 Reinforcement by a Polymer 83 (1)
2.5.2 Organic-Inorganic Composite 83 (2)
Membranes
2.5.3 Nafion®/Sulfonated Polymers 85 (1)
2.5.4 Multilayer Membranes 85 (1)
2.5.5 Semi-IPN Membranes 86 (1)
References 87 (15)
3 Nonfluorinated Polymers for Proton 102(139)
Exchange Membranes
3.1 Introduction 102(1)
3.2 Sulfonated Polyimides 103(38)
3.2.1 Synthesis of Sulfonated Polyimides 104(12)
3.2.2 Structure and Properties of 116(11)
Sulfonated Polyimide
3.2.3 Modification of Sulfonated 127(9)
Polyimides
3.2.4 Fuel Cell Performance and 136(5)
Stability of sPI Membranes
3.3 Sulfonated Poly(ether ether ketone) 141(19)
3.3.1 Synthesis of sPEEK 142(4)
3.3.2 Structure and Properties 146(7)
3.3.3 Modification of sPEEK Membranes 153(7)
3.4 Sulfonated Polysulfone and Poly(ether 160(21)
sulfone)
3.4.1 Polysulfones and Poly(ether 160(2)
sulfone)
3.4.2 Sulfonation and Phosphonation of 162(18)
Polysulfones and Poly(ether sulfone)s
3.4.3 Poly(arylene thioether sulfone)s 180(1)
3.5 Sulfonated Polyphosphazenes 181(13)
3.5.1 Synthesis of Sulfonated 184(3)
Polyphosphazenes
3.5.2 Phenylphosphonic 187(1)
Acid-Functionalized Polyphosphazenes
3.5.3 Polyphosphazenes with Sulfonimide 188(2)
Side Groups
3.5.4 Modification of Sulfonated 190(2)
Polyphosphazenes
3.5.5 Polyphosphazene Membranes for 192(1)
PEMFCs
3.5.6 Polyphosphazene Membranes for 193(1)
DMFCs
3.6 Sulfonated Polybenzimidazole 194(4)
3.7 Sulfonated Poly(phenylene oxide) 198(43)
3.7.1 Sulfonated PPO for PEMs 198(4)
3.7.2 Modification of sPPO 202(8)
3.7.3 Fuel Cell Performances of sPPO 210(2)
Membranes
References 212(29)
4 Anhydrous Proton-Conducting Polymers for 241(52)
High-Temperature PEMFCs
4.1 Introduction 241(1)
4.2 Phosphoric Acid-Impregnated 242(51)
Polybenzimidazole Membranes
4.2.1 Synthesis of PBIs 243(13)
4.2.2 Membrane Fabrication of PBIs 256(3)
4.2.3 Structure and Properties of PBIs 259(9)
4.2.4 Modification of PBIs 268(3)
4.2.5 Composite Membranes of PBIs 271(1)
4.2.6 Fuel Cell Technologies 272(4)
References 276(17)
5 Anion Exchange Membranes for Alkaline 293(67)
Fuel Cells
5.1 Introduction 293(3)
5.2 Anion Exchange Membranes for Alkaline 296(33)
Fuel Cells
5.2.1 Heterogeneous Membranes 296(7)
5.2.2 Interpenetrating Polymer Network 303(1)
5.2.3 Homogeneous Membranes 304(25)
5.3 Structure and Properties of AEMs 329(11)
5.3.1 General Properties of AEMs 329(2)
5.3.2 Properties of the Ionic Groups 331(1)
5.3.3 Transport Mechanisms in AEMs 332(3)
5.3.4 Stability of Alkaline AEMs 335(3)
5.3.5 Examples of Chemical Stability of 338(2)
Ammonium Groups Toward OH- Attack
5.4 Application of AEMs 340(20)
References 345(15)
6 Polymers for New Types of Fuel Cells 360(47)
6.1 Direct Liquid-Feed Fuel Cells 360(13)
6.1.1 Introduction 360(1)
6.1.2 Direct Liquid-Feed Fuels 361(8)
6.1.3 Carbon-Free Fuels 369(4)
6.2 Microbial Fuel Cells 373(7)
6.2.1 Introduction 373(4)
6.2.2 Materials of Construction 377(2)
6.2.3 Outlook and Application of MFCs 379(1)
6.3 Microfuel Cells 380(27)
6.3.1 Introduction 380(2)
6.3.2 Different Types of Microfuel Cells 382(10)
6.3.3 Commercial Developments of 392(3)
Microfuel Cells
References 395(12)
Index 407
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