Taking a practical approach, Telecommunications Handbook examines the principles and details of all major and modern telecommunications systems currently available to industry and end-users. The focus of the book is on current and future networks, and the most up-to-date functionalities of each network are described in sufficient detail for deployment purposes. The structure of the book is modular, giving both overall descriptions of the architectures and functionality of typical use cases, as well as deeper and practical guidelines for telecom professionals.
Preface xxv
Acknowledgements xxvii
Abbreviations xxix
List of Contributors xlv
1 Introduction 1 (22)
Jyrki T.J. Penttinen
1.1 General 1 (1)
1.2 Short History of Telecommunications 2 (3)
1.2.1 The Beginning 2 (2)
1.2.2 Analog Telephony Era 4 (1)
1.2.3 Wireless Era 4 (1)
1.3 The Telecommunications Scene 5 (10)
1.3.1 Current Information Sources 5 (1)
1.3.2 Telecommunications Market 6 (3)
1.3.3 Effect of Video Services 9 (2)
1.3.4 Network Scalability 11 (2)
1.3.5 How to Handle Increased Smartphone 13 (1)
Signaling
1.3.6 Effects of Online Video 14 (1)
1.4 The Focus of the Book 15 (1)
1.5 Instructions for Reading the Book 16 (4)
Contents
References 20 (3)
2 Standardization and Regulation 23 (26)
Jyrki T.J. Penttinen
2.1 Introduction 23 (1)
2.2 Standardization Bodies 23 (15)
2.2.1 ITU 23 (2)
2.2.2 ETSI 25 (3)
2.2.3 IEEE 28 (1)
2.2.4 IETF 28 (1)
2.2.5 CEPT 29 (1)
2.2.6 T1 30 (1)
2.2.7 ANSI 30 (1)
2.2.8 ARIB 31 (1)
2.2.9 TTC 31 (2)
2.2.10 3GPP 33 (2)
2.2.11 3GPP2 35 (2)
2.2.12 Broadcast Standardization 37 (1)
2.3 Industry Forums 38 (6)
2.3.1 GSM Association 38 (2)
2.3.2 UMTS Forum 40 (1)
2.3.3 WiMAX Forum 41 (1)
2.3.4 BMCO Forum and Open IPTV Forum 41 (1)
2.3.5 Global Mobile Suppliers Association 42 (1)
2.3.6 CDMA Development Group 42 (1)
2.3.7 Other Standardization Bodies 43 (1)
2.4 Other Entities 44 (1)
2.4.1 UNDP 44 (1)
2.4.2 IADB 45 (1)
2.5 Frequency Regulation 45 (1)
2.5.1 WRC 45 (1)
2.6 National Regulators 46 (1)
2.7 Guideline for Finding and Interpreting 47 (1)
Standards
References 47 (2)
3 Telecommunications Principles 49 (24)
Jyrki T.J. Penttinen
3.1 Introduction 49 (1)
3.2 Terminology and Planning Principles 49 (9)
3.2.1 Decibel 50 (2)
3.2.2 Erlang 52 (4)
3.2.3 Noise and Interferences 56 (1)
3.2.4 Other Typical Telecommunications 57 (1)
Units
3.3 Evolution 58 (6)
3.3.1 Mobile Networks 58 (2)
3.3.2 Mobile Data 60 (2)
3.3.3 Demand for Multimedia 62 (2)
3.4 Spectrum Allocations 64 (1)
3.4.1 ITU Regions and Principles 64 (1)
3.4.2 Regional Aspects 64 (1)
3.5 Physical Aspects 64 (7)
3.5.1 Radio Interface and Radio Links 64 (1)
3.5.2 Electrical Wires 65 (1)
3.5.3 Copper Lines 65 (4)
3.5.4 Fiber Optics 69 (2)
References 71 (2)
4 Protocols 73 (28)
Jyrki T.J. Penttinen
4.1 Introduction 73 (1)
4.2 OSI 74 (8)
4.2.1 General 74 (4)
4.2.2 Physical Layer (1) 78 (1)
4.2.3 Data Link Layer (2) 78 (1)
4.2.4 Network Layer (3) 79 (1)
4.2.5 Transport Layer (4) 79 (1)
4.2.6 Session Layer (5) 80 (1)
4.2.7 Presentation Layer (6) 80 (1)
4.2.8 Application Layer (7) 80 (1)
4.2.9 Practice 81 (1)
4.3 Fixed Networks 82 (7)
4.3.1 SS7 82 (1)
4.3.2 SIGTRAN 83 (6)
4.4 Mobile Networks 89 (1)
4.4.1 SCCP 89 (1)
4.4.2 BSSAP 89 (1)
4.4.3 MAP 90 (1)
4.4.4 TCAP 90 (1)
4.4.5 LAPD/LAPDm 90 (1)
4.5 Data Networks 90 (3)
4.5.1 TCP/IP 90 (1)
4.5.2 UDP 91 (2)
4.6 Error Recovery 93 (3)
4.6.1 Message 93 (1)
4.6.2 Error Correction Methods 94 (2)
4.7 LAP Protocol Family 96 (3)
4.7.1 LAPB 97 (1)
4.7.2 LAPD 97 (1)
4.7.3 LAPF 97 (1)
4.7.4 LAPM 98 (1)
4.8 Cross-Layer Protocol Principles 98 (1)
References 99 (2)
5 Connectivity and Payment 101 (34)
Jyrki T.J. Penttinen
5.1 Connectivity 101 (1)
5.2 Definitions 101 (1)
5.3 IP Connectivity 102 (3)
5.3.1 Multilink Dial Up 102 (1)
5.3.2 ISDN 103 (1)
5.3.3 Leased Lines 103 (1)
5.3.4 E1/T1 103 (1)
5.3.5 Cable Modem 104 (1)
5.3.6 DSL 104 (1)
5.3.7 Power-Line Connectivity 104 (1)
5.3.8 ATM 104 (1)
5.4 Wired Connectivity 105 (9)
5.4.1 USB 105 (1)
5.4.2 USB Development 105 (1)
5.4.3 General Principles of USB 106 (1)
5.4.4 Physical Aspect of USB 107 (2)
5.4.5 Cable Length 109 (1)
5.4.6 Power 109 (5)
5.4.7 Serial Port 114 (1)
5.5 Radio Connectivity in the Near Field 114 (1)
5.6 NFC and Secure Payment 115 (5)
5.6.1 General 115 (1)
5.6.2 Readers and Tags 116 (1)
5.6.3 Architecture 117 (1)
5.6.4 Standardization 118 (1)
5.6.5 Products and Use Cases 119 (1)
5.7 Secure Payment 120 (5)
5.7.1 Softcard 120 (1)
5.7.2 Background to Secure Payment 121 (1)
Standardization
5.7.3 Functionality of Secure Payment 121 (2)
5.7.4 EMV 123 (1)
5.7.5 Practical Solutions 123 (1)
5.7.6 Other Payment Solutions 123 (2)
5.8 Bluetooth 125 (4)
5.8.1 General 125 (1)
5.8.2 Bluetooth RF 126 (1)
5.8.3 Bluetooth Profiles 126 (3)
5.9 Hearing Aid Compatibility 129 (2)
5.9.1 T and M Rating 129 (1)
5.9.2 HAC Compatibility Aspects 130 (1)
5.9.3 TTY/TDD Compatibility 131 (1)
5.10 Other Connectivity Technologies 131 (1)
5.10.1 G.V2A 131 (1)
5.10.2 MirrorLink 132 (1)
References 132 (3)
6 Fixed Telecommunications Networks 135 (30)
Jyrki T.J. Penttinen
6.1 Introduction 135 (1)
6.2 Network Topologies 135 (3)
6.2.1 Point-to-Point 136 (1)
6.2.2 Bus 136 (1)
6.2.3 Star 137 (1)
6.2.4 Ring 137 (1)
6.3 Redundancy 138 (1)
6.4 Telephone Network 139 (1)
6.5 User Devices 140 (5)
6.5.1 Telephones 140 (2)
6.5.2 Data Equipment 142 (3)
6.6 Plain Old Public Telephone System (POTS) 145 (4)
6.6.1 General 145 (1)
6.6.2 Numbering of Telephony Networks 146 (1)
6.6.3 The Principle of Telephone Networks 146 (1)
6.6.4 Billing Principles 146 (1)
6.6.5 Comparison of Current VoIP Solutions 147 (2)
6.7 Integrated Services Digital Network 149 (4)
(ISDN)
6.7.1 Standardization of ISDN 149 (1)
6.7.2 Principles of ISDN 149 (1)
6.7.3 ISDN Reference Model 150 (1)
6.7.4 ISDN Signaling 151 (1)
6.7.5 ISDN Services 151 (2)
6.8 Intelligent Network (IN) 153 (2)
6.8.1 IN Principles 153 (1)
6.8.2 IN Elements 153 (1)
6.8.3 IN Applications 154 (1)
6.9 SIP 155 (4)
6.9.1 Background 155 (1)
6.9.2 Functionality of SIP 155 (3)
6.9.3 SIP Elements 158 (1)
6.9.4 Protocol Stack for Internet 158 (1)
Multimedia
6.9.5 Initiation of Call 158 (1)
6.10 Telephony Solutions for Companies 159 (2)
6.10.1 Centrex 159 (2)
6.11 Transport 161 (1)
6.12 Cloud Computing 161 (2)
6.12.1 General 161 (1)
6.12.2 Principles 162 (1)
6.12.3 Benefits 163 (1)
References 163 (2)
7 Data Networks 165 (42)
Jyrki T.J. Penttinen
Tero Jalkanen
Ilkka Keisala
7.1 Introduction 165 (1)
7.2 IPv4 165 (4)
7.2.1 General 167 (1)
7.2.2 IPv4 Addresses 168 (1)
7.2.3 Notation of the Address 169 (1)
7.3 IPv6 169 (3)
7.3.1 Principles 170 (1)
7.3.2 IPv6 Address 170 (2)
7.4 Routing 172 (2)
7.5 ATM 174 (2)
7.6 Frame Relay 176 (1)
7.6.1 Definitions 176 (1)
7.6.2 Functionality 176 (1)
7.7 LAN and MAN 177 (12)
7.7.1 IEEE 802.1 (Bridging) 177 (1)
7.7.2 IEEE 802.2 (LLC) 177 (1)
7.7.3 IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet) 177 (4)
7.7.4 IEEE 802.4 (Token Bus) 181 (1)
7.7.5 IEEE 802.5 (Token Ring) 181 (1)
7.7.6 IEEE 802.6 (MAN) 182 (1)
7.7.7 IEEE 802.7 (Broadband LAN via 182 (1)
Coaxial)
7.7.8 IEEE 802.8 (Fiber Optic TAG) 182 (1)
7.7.9 IEEE 802.9 (ISLAN) 182 (1)
7.7.10 IEEE 802.10 (Interoperable LAN 183 (1)
Security)
7.7.11 IEEE 802.11 (WLAN) 183 (1)
7.7.12 IEEE 802.12 (100BaseVG) 184 (1)
7.7.13 IEEE 802.13 (Unused) 184 (1)
7.7.14 IEEE 802.14 (Cable Modems) 184 (1)
7.7.15 IEEE 802.15 (Wireless PAN) 184 (2)
7.7.16 IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) 186 (1)
7.7.17 IEEE 802.17 (Resilient Packet Ring) 187 (1)
7.7.18 IEEE 802.18 (Radio Regulatory TAG) 187 (1)
7.7.19 IEEE 802.19 (Coexistence TAG) 187 (1)
7.7.20 IEEE 802.20 (Mobile Broadband 187 (1)
Wireless Access)
7.7.21 IEEE 802.21 (Media Independent 188 (1)
Handoff)
7.7.22 IEEE 802.22 (Wireless Regional 188 (1)
Area Network)
7.7.23 IEEE 802.23 (Emergency Services 188 (1)
Working Group)
7.7.24 IEEE 802.24 (Smart Grid TAG) 188 (1)
7.7.25 IEEE 802.25 (Omni-Range Area 188 (1)
Network)
7.8 Wi-Fi 189 (13)
7.8.1 Standardization 189 (2)
7.8.2 Wi-Fi Authentication and Accounting 191 (4)
7.8.3 Wi-Fi Offloading 195 (3)
7.8.4 Wi-Fi Roaming 198 (4)
7.9 Inter-Operator Networks 202 (2)
7.9.1 Introduction 202 (1)
7.9.2 Overview 202 (1)
7.9.3 Different Solutions 203 (1)
References 204 (3)
8 Telecommunications Network Services and 207 (30)
Applications
Jyrki T.J. Penttinen
8.1 Introduction 207 (1)
8.2 Voice 207 (1)
8.3 Messaging 208 (2)
8.4 Audio and Video 210 (2)
8.4.1 Streaming 210 (2)
8.5 Health Care 212 (1)
8.6 Education212 (1)
8.7 CSTA 213 (1)
8.8 Advanced Telecommunications 214 (4)
Functionalities
8.8.1 Email 214 (2)
8.8.2 Videoconferencing 216 (1)
8.8.3 Telecommuting 217 (1)
8.8.4 Advanced Applications 217 (1)
8.9 Business Exchange 218 (1)
8.10 Public IP Network Develops to NGN 218 (4)
8.10.1 IMS Architecture 219 (2)
8.10.2 SIP 221 (1)
8.11 Voice Service Access Points 222 (2)
8.11.1 VoIP as a Solution for Fixed 223 (1)
Communications Networks
8.11.2 Residential Areas 223 (1)
8.11.3 Business Environment 224 (1)
8.12 Mobile Services 224 (12)
8.12.1 Mobile Exchange 226 (8)
8.12.2 The CAPEX and OPEX of Mobile 234 (2)
Exchange
8.12.3 Deployment of the Mobile Exchange 236 (1)
References 236 (1)
9 Transmission Networks 237 (24)
Jyrki T.J. Penttinen
Juha Kallio
9.1 Introduction 237 (1)
9.2 Physical Transmission Systems 237 (1)
9.3 Coding Techniques 238 (3)
9.3.1 Unipolar Format 239 (1)
9.3.2 Bipolar Format 240 (1)
9.3.3 Modified AMI Codes 240 (1)
9.3.4 Delta Modulation 241 (1)
9.4 PCM 241 (2)
9.4.1 Principles 241 (2)
9.5 Coding Techniques 243 (2)
9.6 PDH 245 (1)
9.7 SDH 245 (1)
9.8 WDM 246 (1)
9.9 Carrier Ethernet Transport 247 (3)
9.10 IP Multimedia Subsystem 250 (7)
9.10.1 IMS Architecture 250 (7)
9.11 Case Example: LTE Transport 257 (1)
9.11.1 Ethernet Transport 257 (1)
9.12 Cloud Computing and Transport 257 (2)
References 259 (2)
10 Modulation and Demodulation 261 (20)
Patrick Marsch
Jyrki Penttinen
10.1 Introduction 261 (1)
10.2 General 261 (1)
10.3 Analog Modulation Methods 262 (2)
10.3.1 Amplitude Modulation 262 (1)
10.3.2 Frequency Modulation 262 (1)
10.3.3 Phase Modulation 263 (1)
10.4 Digital Modulationand Demodulation 264 (16)
10.4.1 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) 265 (1)
10.4.2 Phase Shift Keying (PSK) 266 (1)
10.4.3 Combinations of ASK and PSK 267 (1)
10.4.4 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) 268 (1)
10.4.5 Modulation from a Mathematical 269 (1)
Perspective
10.4.6 Pulse Shaping and Power Spectral 269 (2)
Density of Modulated Signals
10.4.7 Typical Transmitter- and 271 (3)
Receiver-Side Signal Processing
10.4.8 Digital Modulation Schemes Used in 274 (2)
Practical Systems
10.4.9 Multiplexing, Multiple Access and 276 (1)
Duplexing
10.4.10 Orthogonal Frequency Division 277 (3)
Multiplex
References 280 (1)
11 3GPP Mobile Communications: GSM 281 (90)
Jyrki T.J. Penttinen
11.1 Introduction 281 (1)
11.2 Development of GSM 281 (4)
11.3 Specification of GSM 285 (1)
11.4 Architecture of GSM 286 (8)
11.4.1 General 286 (1)
11.4.2 Area Specifications 287 (1)
11.4.3 The Base Station Subsystem (BSS) 288 (3)
11.4.4 Network Switching Subsystem (NSS) 291 (2)
11.4.5 Operations Subsystem 293 (1)
11.5 Functionality of GSM 294 (9)
11.5.1 Frequencies 294 (2)
11.5.2 Channels 296 (1)
11.5.3 Traffic Channels 297 (1)
11.5.4 Control Channels 297 (3)
11.5.5 Multiframes 300 (2)
11.5.6 Channel Configurations 302 (1)
11.6 Numbering of GSM 303 (5)
11.6.1 Subscriber Numbering 303 (3)
11.6.2 Mobile Numbers 306 (1)
11.6.3 Network Numbering 307 (1)
11.6.4 Other Numbers 308 (1)
11.7 GSM Data 308 (9)
11.7.1 Principles 308 (2)
11.7.2 The Network Architecture 310 (4)
11.7.3 GPRS Interfaces 314 (1)
11.7.4 Special GSM Solutions 315 (1)
11.7.5 Machine-to-Machine Communications 315 (1)
11.7.6 Energy Saving Functionalities 316 (1)
11.7.7 Smartphone Signaling Optimization 316 (1)
11.8 Dual Half Rate 317 (24)
11.8.1 The Functionality and Usability of 318 (1)
OSC
11.8.2 Effect of OSC on Capacity 319 (8)
11.8.3 OSC Radio Performance Analysis 327 (4)
11.8.4 OSC Radio Performance Model 331 (6)
11.8.5 Complete OSC Model 337 (4)
11.9 DFCA 341 (8)
11.9.1 Dynamic Frequency and Channel 341 (1)
Allocation Principle
11.9.2 Joint OSC and DFCA Performance 342 (7)
11.10 EDGE 349 (5)
11.10.1 Technical Features 350 (1)
11.10.2 GERAN-Architecture 350 (2)
11.10.3 The Functioning of the EDGE 352 (1)
11.10.4 Channel Coding 352 (1)
11.10.5 Multifunctioning 353 (1)
11.11 DLDC 354 (12)
11.11.1 Installation Aspects 354 (1)
11.11.2 Time Slot Allocation 355 (1)
11.11.3 Feature Functionality 355 (3)
11.11.4 Case Study of DLDC Performance 358 (2)
11.11.5 Test Cases and Results 360 (6)
11.11.6 Analysis 366 (1)
11.12 EDGE2 366 (1)
References 367 (4)
12 3GPP Mobile Communications: WCDMA and HSPA 371 (46)
Patrick Marsch
Michal Maternia
Michal Panek
Ali Yaver
Ryszard Dokuczal
Rybakowski Marcin
12.1 Network Architecture 371 (5)
12.1.1 Node B - Base Station 372 (1)
12.1.2 Radio Network Controller 373 (2)
12.1.3 UTRAN Interfaces 375 (1)
12.2 Physical Layer Aspects 376 (11)
12.2.1 Spreading and Scrambling 376 (2)
12.2.2 Channel Estimation 378 (1)
12.2.3 Equalization 379 (1)
12.2.4 Power Control 380 (1)
12.2.5 Data Transmission in WCDMA and HSPA 381 (5)
12.2.6 Overview on Transport Channels and 386 (1)
Physical Channels
12.3 Radio Interface Procedures 387 (15)
12.3.1 Cell Search Procedure 391 (1)
12.3.2 Synchronization 392 (1)
12.3.3 Cell Update 393 (2)
12.3.4 Paging 395 (1)
12.3.5 Call Setup 395 (1)
12.3.6 Scheduling 396 (4)
12.3.7 Handover and Soft Handover 400 (2)
12.4 WCDMA/HSPA Evolution since Release 5 402 (8)
12.4.1 Multicarrier 402 (4)
12.4.2 MIMO 406 (1)
12.4.3 Multiflow 407 (1)
12.4.4 Heterogeneous Networks 408 (2)
12.4.5 Self-Organizing Networks 410 (1)
12.5 Planning and Dimensioning of 410 (7)
WCDMA/HSPA Networks
12.5.1 Typical Frequency Usage 410 (2)
12.5.2 Capacity and Coverage Optimization 412 (3)
12.5.3 Location Areas Size vs Paging Load 415 (1)
References 415 (2)
13 3GPP Mobile Communications: LTE/SAE and LTE-A 417 (98)
Jacek G?ra
Krystian Safjan
Jaroslaw Lachowski
Agnieszka Szufarska
Stanislaw Strzyz
Szymon Stefanski
Damian Kolmas
Jyrki T.J. Penttinen
Francesco D. Calabrese
Guillaume Monghal
Mohammad Anas
Luis Maestro
Juha Kallio
Olli Ramula
13.1 Introduction 417 (1)
13.2 Architecture 418 (1)
13.3 Elements 419 (3)
13.4 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio 422 (6)
Access Network
13.4.1 eNodeB 422 (2)
13.4.2 User Equipment 424 (1)
13.4.3 S-GW 424 (1)
13.4.4 P-GW 425 (1)
13.4.5 MME 425 (1)
13.4.6 Policy and Charging Resource 426 (1)
Function (PCRF)
13.4.7 Home Subscription Server (HSS) 427 (1)
13.4.8 GSM and UMTS Domain 427 (1)
13.4.9 Packet Data Network 427 (1)
13.5 Interfaces 428 (2)
13.5.1 Uu Interface 428 (1)
13.5.2 X2 Interface 428 (1)
13.5.3 S1 Interface 429 (1)
13.5.4 S3 Interface 429 (1)
13.5.5 S4 Interface 429 (1)
13.5.6 S5 Interface 429 (1)
13.5.7 S6a Interface 429 (1)
13.5.8 S11 Interface 429 (1)
13.5.9 SG 429 (1)
13.5.10 Gn/Gp 430 (1)
13.6 Protocol Stacks 430 (4)
13.6.1 User Plane 430 (1)
13.6.2 Control Plane 431 (1)
13.6.3 Layer 1 432 (1)
13.6.4 Layer 2 433 (1)
13.6.5 Layer 3 433 (1)
13.7 Layer 2 Structure 434 (1)
13.8 LTE Radio Network 435 (1)
13.8.1 Introduction 435 (1)
13.9 LTE Spectrum 436 (2)
13.10 Physical Layer 438 (10)
13.10.1 Principles of OFDMA and SC-FDMA 438 (4)
13.10.2 OFDM Transceiver Chain 442 (1)
13.10.3 Cyclic Prefix 442 (2)
13.10.4 Channel Estimation and 444 (1)
Equalization
13.10.5 Modulation 444 (1)
13.10.6 Coding 444 (1)
13.10.7 Signal Processing Chain 445 (3)
13.11 SC-FDM and SC-FDMA 448 (1)
13.11.1 SC-FDM Transceiver Chain 449 (1)
13.11.2 PAPR Benefits 449 (1)
13.12 Frame Structure and Physical Channels 449 (4)
13.12.1 Downlink 451 (1)
13.12.2 Uplink 452 (1)
13.13 Physical Layer Procedures 453 (2)
13.13.1 Random Access 453 (1)
13.13.2 Timing Advance 453 (1)
13.13.3 Power Control 453 (1)
13.13.4 HARQ - Hybrid Automatic Repeat 454 (1)
Request
13.14 User Mobility 455 (2)
13.14.1 Tracking Area Update 455 (1)
13.14.2 Handover 455 (2)
13.15 Radio Resource Management Procedures 457 (1)
13.15.1 Packet Scheduling 457 (1)
13.16 Link Adaptation 458 (1)
13.17 ICIC 459 (4)
13.17.1 Hard Frequency Reuse 459 (1)
13.17.2 Fractional Frequency Reuse 460 (1)
13.17.3 Soft Frequency Reuse 460 (1)
13.17.4 LTE Context 461 (1)
13.17.5 TDM eICIC 462 (1)
13.18 Reporting 463 (3)
13.18.1 CSI 463 (1)
13.18.2 CQI 464 (1)
13.18.3 RI 464 (1)
13.18.4 PMI 465 (1)
13.19 LTE Radio Resource Management 466 (1)
13.19.1 Introduction 466 (1)
13.19.2 QoS and Associated Parameters 466 (1)
13.20 RRM Principles and Algorithms Common 467 (10)
to UL and DL
13.20.1 Connection Mobility Control 467 (1)
13.20.2 Admission Control 468 (3)
13.20.3 HARQ 471 (1)
13.20.4 Link Adaptation 471 (1)
13.20.5 Packet Scheduling 472 (3)
13.20.6 Load Balancing 475 (2)
13.21 Uplink RRM 477 (5)
13.21.1 Packet Scheduling: Specific UL 477 (1)
Constraints
13.21.2 Link Adaptation 478 (1)
13.21.3 Uplink Signaling for Scheduling 479 (3)
and Link Adaptation Support
13.22 Downlink RRM 482 (3)
13.22.1 Channel Quality, Feedback and 482 (1)
Link Adaptation
13.22.2 Packet Scheduling 483 (1)
13.22.3 Intercell Interference Control 484 (1)
13.23 Intra-LTE Handover 485 (2)
13.24 LTE Release 8/9 Features 487 (9)
13.24.1 MIMO 487 (1)
13.24.2 Diversity MIMO 488 (1)
13.24.3 Spatial Multiplexing 489 (2)
13.24.4 Beamforming 491 (1)
13.24.5 Self-Organizing Networks 491 (1)
13.24.6 Self-Configuration Rel. 8 491 (1)
13.24.7 Self-Configuration in 492 (1)
Preoperational State
13.24.8 Physical Cell Identifier Selection 492 (1)
13.24.9 Automatic Neighbor Cell 493 (1)
Configuration and X2 Setup
13.24.10 Self-Optimization Rel. 9 493 (1)
13.24.11 Mobility Robustness Optimization 494 (1)
13.24.12 Mobility Load Balancing 494 (1)
13.24.13 Energy Savings 494 (1)
13.24.14 RACH Optimization 495 (1)
13.24.15 Heterogeneous Networks 495 (1)
13.24.16 Node Types (LTE Context) 496 (1)
13.25 LTE-Advanced Features (Rel. 10) 496 (8)
13.25.1 Requirements for LTE-Advanced 496 (1)
13.25.2 Motivation and Targets 497 (1)
13.25.3 Advanced MIMO 497 (1)
13.25.4 Carrier Aggregation 498 (2)
13.25.5 Relaying 500 (2)
13.25.6 Cooperative Multipoint 502 (2)
13.26 LTE Transport and Core Network 504 (2)
13.26.1 Functionality of Transport 504 (1)
Elements
13.26.2 Transport Modules 504 (1)
13.26.3 LTE Transport Protocol Stack 505 (1)
13.26.4 Ethernet Transport 505 (1)
13.26.5 IP Address Differentiation 505 (1)
13.26.6 Traffic Prioritization on IP Layer 505 (1)
13.26.7 Traffic Prioritization on 505 (1)
Ethernet Layer
13.26.8 VLAN Based Traffic Differentiation 505 (1)
13.26.9 IPSec 505 (1)
13.26.10 Synchronization 506 (1)
13.26.11 Timing Over Packet 506 (1)
13.26.12 Synchronous Ethernet 506 (1)
13.27 Transport Network 506 (3)
13.27.1 Carrier Ethernet Transport 508 (1)
13.27.2 Transport for S1-U Interface 509 (1)
13.28 Core Network 509 (1)
13.29 Charging 510 (3)
13.29.1 Offline Charging 510 (2)
13.29.2 Charging Data Record 512 (1)
13.29.3 Online Charging 512 (1)
References 513 (2)
14 Wireless LAN and Evolution 515 (22)
Jyrki T.J. Penttinen
14.1 Introduction 515 (1)
14.2 WLAN Standards 515 (1)
14.3 IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) 515 (9)
14.3.1 Wi-Fi Variants 516 (6)
14.3.2 Wi-Fi and Other Wireless Networks 522 (1)
14.3.3 Security Aspects 523 (1)
14.4 IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) 524 (5)
14.4.1 WiMAX Standardization 525 (1)
14.4.2 WiMAX Frequencies 525 (1)
14.4.3 Technology for WiMAX Deployments 525 (1)
14.4.4 Architecture of WiMAX 526 (1)
14.4.5 Marketing Aspects 527 (1)
14.4.6 Applications 528 (1)
14.5 Evolved IEEE 802.16 (4G) 529 (5)
14.5.1 General 529 (2)
14.5.2 Impacts of IEEE 802.16m on Network 531 (2)
Planning
14.5.3 Applications and Key 533 (1)
Functionalities
14.6 Comparison of Wireless Technologies 534 (2)
14.6.1 Other Connectivity Methods 534 (1)
14.6.2 The Future 534 (2)
References 536 (1)
15 Terrestrial Broadcast Networks 537 (18)
Jyrki T.J. Penttinen
15.1 Introduction 537 (1)
15.2 Analog Systems 537 (2)
15.2.1 Radio 537 (1)
15.2.2 Television 538 (1)
15.3 Digital Radio 539 (1)
15.3.1 Principle 539 (1)
15.4 Digital Television 540 (12)
15.4.1 DVB 540 (1)
15.4.2 DVB-T 540 (1)
15.4.3 DVB-H 541 (7)
15.4.4 ISDB-T 548 (1)
15.4.5 ATSC 548 (1)
15.4.6 MBMS/eMBMS 548 (3)
15.4.7 CMAS 551 (1)
References 552 (3)
16 Satellite Systems: Communications 555 (48)
Jyrki T. Penttinen
16.1 Introduction 555 (1)
16.2 Principles of Satellite Systems 556 (13)
16.2.1 General 556 (1)
16.2.2 Orbits 556 (2)
16.2.3 Frequencies 558 (1)
16.2.4 Characteristics of Satellite 559 (1)
Systems
16.2.5 Functionality 559 (1)
16.2.6 Equipment 560 (1)
16.2.7 System Architecture 561 (1)
16.2.8 Satellite Antennas 561 (4)
16.2.9 Challenges in Satellite 565 (4)
Communications
16.3 Voice and Data Services 569 (2)
16.4 Broadcast Satellite Systems 571 (3)
16.4.1 Principles 571 (1)
16.4.2 Formats 571 (2)
16.4.3 Satellite TV 573 (1)
16.4.4 Satellite Audio and Radio 573 (1)
16.5 Standardization 574 (3)
16.6 Commercial Satellite Systems 577 (18)
16.6.1 ACeS 577 (1)
16.6.2 Telstar 578 (1)
16.6.3 Globalstar 579 (2)
16.6.4 ORBCOMM 581 (1)
16.6.5 Mars Odyssey 582 (1)
16.6.6 SkyBridge 582 (3)
16.6.7 Iridium 585 (4)
16.6.8 Molniya 589 (1)
16.6.9 Teledesic 590 (1)
16.6.10 ICO/Pendrell 590 (1)
16.6.11 Inmarsat 590 (3)
16.6.12 Thuraya 593 (1)
16.6.13 MSAT/SkyTerra 593 (1)
16.6.14 TerreStar 594 (1)
16.6.15 VSAT 594 (1)
16.7 Radio Link Budget 595 (6)
16.7.1 Principle of the Link Budget 595 (1)
16.7.2 Link Budget Forming 596 (1)
16.7.3 Example of the Link Budget 597 (4)
References 601 (2)
17 Satellite Systems: Location Services and 603 (18)
Telemetry
Jyrki T.J. Penttinen
17.1 General 603 (1)
17.2 GPS 604 (4)
17.2.1 Background 604 (1)
17.2.2 System Architecture 605 (2)
17.2.3 Frequencies 607 (1)
17.2.4 Functionality 607 (1)
17.3 GALILEO 608 (6)
17.3.1 General 608 (1)
17.3.2 European Variant 609 (5)
17.4 Positioning Systems: Other Initiatives 614 (2)
17.4.1 GLONASS 614 (1)
17.4.2 BeiDou/COMPASS 615 (1)
17.4.3 QZSS 615 (1)
17.4.4 IRNSS 615 (1)
17.5 Space Research 616 (1)
17.6 Weather and Meteorological Satellites 616 (1)
17.6.1 Geostationary Satellites 616 (1)
17.6.2 Polar Orbiting Satellites 617 (1)
17.7 Military Systems 617 (2)
17.7.1 Orbits 618 (1)
References 619 (2)
18 Other and Special Networks 621 (20)
Pertti Virtanen
Jyrki T.J. Penttinen
18.1 IS-95 621 (3)
18.1.1 General 621 (1)
18.1.2 Standards 621 (1)
18.1.3 CDMA Principles 622 (1)
18.1.4 Network Architecture 623 (1)
18.2 CDMA2000 624 (1)
18.2.1 General 624 (1)
18.3 TETRA 625 (15)
18.3.1 TETRA I 626 (3)
18.3.2 TETRA II 629 (3)
18.3.3 Security 632 (1)
18.3.4 Benefits 632 (3)
18.3.5 Key Services 635 (3)
18.3.6 Functionality 638 (2)
References 640 (1)
19 Security Aspects of Telecommunications: 3GPP 641 (28)
Mobile Networks
Jyrki T.J. Penttinen
19.1 Introduction 641 (1)
19.2 Basic Principles of Protection 641 (1)
19.3 GSM Security 642 (5)
19.3.1 SIM 643 (1)
19.3.2 Authentication and Authorization 643 (1)
19.3.3 Encryption of the Radio Interface 644 (2)
19.3.4 Encryption of IMSI 646 (1)
19.3.5 Other GSM Security Aspects 646 (1)
19.3.6 Potential Security Weaknesses of 647 (1)
GSM
19.4 UMTS Security 647 (2)
19.5 LTE Security 649 (10)
19.5.1 Security Process 649 (1)
19.5.2 Network Attack Types in LTE/SAE 649 (1)
19.5.3 Preparation for the Attacks 650 (3)
19.5.4 Certificates 653 (1)
19.5.5 LTE Transport Security 654 (1)
19.5.6 Traffic Filtering 655 (1)
19.5.7 Radio Interface Security 655 (4)
19.6 LTE/SAE Service Security: Case Example 659 (4)
19.6.1 General 659 (1)
19.6.2 IPSec 660 (1)
19.6.3 IPSec Processing and Security 661 (2)
Gateway
19.6.4 Single Tunnel with Dedicated 663 (1)
Tunnel Interfaces
19.6.5 Single Tunnel with Shared Tunnel 663 (1)
Interfaces
19.6.6 Multiple Tunnels with Dedicated 663 (1)
Tunnel Interfaces
19.6.7 Multiple Tunnels with Shared 663 (1)
Tunnel Interfaces
19.6.8 Summary 663 (1)
19.7 Authentication and Authorization 663 (2)
19.8 Customer Data Safety 665 (1)
19.9 Lawful Interception 665 (3)
References 668 (1)
20 Planning of 2G Networks 669 (74)
Jyrki T.J. Penttinen
20.1 General Planning Guidelines for Fixed 669 (3)
Networks
20.1.1 General 669 (1)
20.1.2 Planning of the Networks 670 (2)
20.2 Capacity Planning 672 (3)
20.3 Coverage Planning 675 (4)
20.3.1 Link Budget 675 (2)
20.3.2 Radio Wave Propagation Models 677 (2)
20.4 Frequency Planning 679 (2)
20.4.1 C/I Ratio 679 (2)
20.5 Parameter Planning 681 (2)
20.6 Network Measurements 683 (1)
20.7 Effects of Data Services on GSM 684 (30)
Planning
20.7.1 Capacity Planning 684 (16)
20.7.2 Coverage Area Planning 700 (10)
20.7.3 Frequency Planning 710 (2)
20.7.4 Parameter Planning 712 (2)
20.8 Other Planning Considerations 714 (8)
20.8.1 Multilayer Networks 714 (1)
20.8.2 Variation of the Load 715 (1)
20.8.3 Vegetation and Weather Conditions 715 (1)
20.8.4 Quality of Service Levels 716 (1)
20.8.5 Transmission 716 (1)
20.8.6 The Effect of the Applications 717 (1)
20.8.7 The Usability of GPRS Data 718 (4)
20.9 GSM/GPRS Measurement and Simulation 722 (7)
Techniques
20.9.1 GPRS Measurement Devices 722 (1)
20.9.2 The C/I Measured from the Network 722 (4)
20.9.3 Conclusions 726 (3)
20.10 SiMulations 729 (12)
20.10.1 Interference Level Simulator 729 (1)
20.10.2 Simulation Considerations 729 (2)
20.10.3 Simulations: Example 731 (3)
20.10.4 Results 734 (7)
References 741 (2)
21 Planning of Advanced 3G Networks 743 (34)
Jyrki T.J. Penttinen
21.1 Introduction 743 (1)
21.2 Radio Network Planning Process 743 (3)
21.3 Nominal Network Planning 746 (3)
21.3.1 Quality of Service 746 (3)
21.4 Capacity Planning 749 (1)
21.5 Coverage Planning 750 (7)
21.5.1 Radio Link Budget 751 (3)
21.5.2 Radio Propagation Models 754 (3)
21.5.3 Frequency Planning 757 (1)
21.5.4 Other Planning Aspects 757 (1)
21.6 Self-Optimizing Network 757 (2)
21.7 Parameter Planning 759 (17)
21.7.1 eNodeB Transmitter Power 763 (8)
21.7.2 Calculation of Downlink 771 (2)
Interference Margin
21.7.3 Path Loss Prediction 773 (3)
21.7.4 Frequency Planning 776 (1)
References 776 (1)
22 Planning of Mobile TV Networks 777 (58)
Jyrki T.J. Penttinen
22.1 Introduction 777 (1)
22.2 High-Level Network Dimensioning Process 777 (18)
22.2.1 Capacity Planning 778 (4)
22.2.2 Coverage and QoS Planning 782 (6)
22.2.3 Propagation Models 788 (3)
22.2.4 Safety Distance 791 (1)
22.2.5 Cost Prediction 791 (4)
22.3 Detailed Radio Network Design 795 (23)
22.3.1 Identifying the Planning Items 795 (1)
22.3.2 Detailed Network Planning Process 796 (1)
22.3.3 Capacity Planning 796 (1)
22.3.4 Coverage Planning 797 (2)
22.3.5 Local Measurements 799 (7)
22.3.6 Effect of SFN 806 (12)
22.4 Radiation Limitations 818 (1)
22.5 Cost Prediction and Optimization 819 (11)
22.5.1 Cost Optimization in Noninterfered 819 (3)
Network
22.5.2 Cost Optimization in Interfered 822 (8)
SFN Network
References 830 (5)
23 Planning of Core Networks 835 (18)
Jyrki T. Penttinen
Jukka Hongisto
23.1 Introduction 835 (1)
23.2 General Planning Guidelines for Fixed 835 (1)
Networks
23.3 Planning of the Networks 836 (2)
23.4 Capacity Planning 838 (2)
23.5 Network Evolution from 2G/3G PS Core 840 (1)
to EPC
23.5.1 3GPP R8 Requirements for LTE 840 (1)
Support in Packet Core Network
23.5.2 Introducing LTE in Operator Network 841 (1)
23.6 Entering Commercial Phase: Support for 841 (4)
Multimode LTE/3G/2G Terminals with
Pre-Release 8 SGSN
23.6.1 Support for Multimode LTE/3G/2G 842 (1)
Terminals with Release 8 Network
23.6.2 Optimal Solution for 2G/3G SGSN 843 (2)
and MME from Architecture Point of View
23.7 SGSN/MME Evolution 845 (1)
23.7.1 Requirements to MME Functionality 845 (1)
in LTE Networks
23.8 Case Example: Commercial SGSN/MME 846 (1)
Offering
23.8.1 Nokia Siemens Networks Flexi 846 (1)
Network Server
23.8.2 Aspects to Consider in SGSN/MME 846 (1)
Evolution Planning
23.9 Mobile Gateway Evolution 847 (1)
23.9.1 Requirements to Mobile Gateway in 847 (1)
Mobile Broadband Networks
23.10 Case Example: Commercial 847 (1)
GGSN/S-GW/P-GW Offering
23.10.1 Nokia Siemens Networks Flexi 847 (1)
Network Gateway
23.10.2 Aspects to Consider in 848 (1)
GGSN/S-GW/P-GW Evolution Planning
23.11 EPC Network Deployment and Topology 848 (2)
Considerations
23.11.1 EPC Topology Options 848 (1)
23.11.2 EPC Topology Evolution 849 (1)
23.12 LTE Access Dimensioning 850 (1)
Reference 851 (2)
24 EMF - Radiation Safety and Health Aspects 853 (30)
Jouko Rautio
Jyrki T.J. Penttinen
24.1 Introduction 853 (3)
24.2 The EMF Question 856 (1)
24.3 The Scientific Principle and Process: 856 (2)
The Precautionary Principle
24.4 The Expert Organizations and Regulation 858 (2)
24.5 Some Topics of the EMF Debate 860 (4)
24.5.1 Cancer 860 (1)
24.5.2 Electro Hypersensitivity 861 (1)
24.5.3 The Children's Issue 862 (1)
24.5.4 So-Called Funding Bias 863 (1)
24.5.5 Ana-Digi 864 (1)
24.6 SAR 864 (2)
24.7 The Safety Distance and Installation 866 (3)
24.8 Summing Up 869 (1)
24.9 High-Power Network Planning 870 (10)
24.9.1 Introduction of DVB-H Interference 871 (1)
Estimation
24.9.2 Safety Aspects 872 (5)
24.9.3 EMC Limits 877 (3)
24.9.4 Conclusions 880 (1)
References 880 (3)
25 Deployment and Transition of 883 (32)
Telecommunication Systems
Michat Maternia
25.1 Introduction 883 (1)
25.2 Why to Deploy Wireless Systems 883 (2)
25.3 Transition of Telecommunication Systems 885 (1)
25.4 Network Deployments 886 (14)
25.4.1 1G Systems 886 (1)
25.4.2 2G Systems 887 (2)
25.4.3 2G Evolution from GSM to EDGE 889 (2)
25.4.4 3G Systems 891 (2)
25.4.5 Evolution of 3G Networks 893 (2)
25.4.6 4G Systems Considerations 895 (2)
25.4.7 Can HSPA+ Become a 4G System? 897 (1)
25.4.8 4G Systems 897 (3)
25.5 Spectrum Considerations for Network 900 (4)
Transition
25.6 Terminals Support for the Network 904 (2)
Transition
25.7 Evolution of Macro Sites and 906 (4)
Deployment of Small Cells
25.8 Beyond 4G Systems: 5G 910 (1)
25.9 Challenges and Possibilities 911 (2)
References 913 (2)
26 Wireless Network Measurements 915 (20)
Jyrki T.J. Penttinen
26.1 Introduction 915 (1)
26.2 Principles of Radio Interface 915 (1)
Measurements
26.3 GSM/GPRS 915 (6)
26.3.1 GSM/GPRS Measurement Devices 915 (1)
26.3.2 The C/I Measured from the Network 916 (5)
26.4 LTE 921 (7)
26.4.1 Principle 921 (2)
26.4.2 LTE Traffic Simulators 923 (2)
26.4.3 Typical LTE Measurements 925 (1)
26.4.4 Type Approval Measurements 926 (1)
26.4.5 Modulation Error Measurements 927 (1)
26.4.6 LTE Performance Simulations 927 (1)
26.5 LTE Field Measurements 928 (6)
26.5.1 Typical Field Test Environment 929 (1)
26.5.2 Test Network Setup 930 (3)
26.5.3 Test Case Selection 933 (1)
26.5.4 Items to Assure 933 (1)
References 934 (1)
Index 935
新书报道