As energy produced from renewable sources is increasingly integrated into the electricity grid, interest in energy storage technologies for grid stabilisation is growing. This book reviews advances in battery technologies and applications for medium and large-scale energy storage. Chapters address advances in nickel, sodium and lithium-based batteries. Other chapters review other emerging battery technologies such as metal-air batteries and flow batteries. The final section of the book discuses design considerations and applications of batteries in remote locations and for grid-scale storage. * Reviews advances in battery technologies and applications for medium and large-scale energy storage* Examines battery types, including zing-based, lithium-air and vanadium redox flow batteries* Analyses design issues and applications of these technologies
List of contributors xi
Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy xv
Part One Introduction 1 (54)
1 Electrochemical cells for medium- and 3 (26)
large-scale energy storage: fundamentals
W. Wang
X. Wei
D. Choi
X. Lu
G. Yang
C. Sun
1.1 Introduction 3 (1)
1.2 Potential and capacity of an 4 (12)
electrochemical cell
1.3 Electrochemical fundamentals in 16 (10)
practical electrochemical cells
References 26 (3)
2 Economics of batteries for medium- and 29 (26)
large-scale energy storage
S. Corcuera
J. Estorn駸
C. Menictas
2.1 Introduction 29 (5)
2.2 Small-scale project 34 (10)
2.3 Large-scale project 44 (8)
2.4 Conclusions 52 (1)
References 52 (3)
Part Two Lead, nickel, sodium, and 55 (236)
lithium-based batteries
3 Lead-acid batteries for medium- and 57 (16)
large-scale energy storage
D.C. Enos
3.1 Introduction 57 (1)
3.2 Electrochemistry of the lead-acid 58 (1)
battery
3.3 Pb-acid battery designs 59 (2)
3.4 Aging effects and failure mechanisms 61 (1)
3.5 Advanced lead-acid batteries 62 (5)
3.6 Applications of lead-acid batteries 67 (2)
in medium- and long-term energy storage
3.7 Summary and future trends 69 (1)
References 69 (4)
4 Nickel-based batteries for medium- and 73 (18)
large-scale energy storage
Z. Huang
G. Du
4.1 Introduction 73 (2)
4.2 Basic battery chemistry 75 (2)
4.3 Battery development and applications 77 (9)
4.4 Future trends 86 (3)
4.5 Sources of further information and 89 (1)
advice
References 89 (2)
5 Molten salt batteries for medium- and 91 (34)
large-scale energy storage
X. Lu
Z. Yang
5.1 Introduction 91 (1)
5.2 Sodium-β-alumina batteries (NBBs) 91 (26)
5.3 Challenges and future trends 117(3)
References 120(5)
6 Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for medium- 125(88)
and large-scale energy storage: current cell
materials and components
D. Bresser
E. Paillard
S. Passerini
6.1 Introduction 125(2)
6.2 Chemistry of lithium-ion batteries: 127(8)
anodes
6.3 Chemistry of LIBs: cathodes 135(8)
6.4 Chemistry of LIBs: electrolytes 143(7)
6.5 Chemistry of LIBs: inert components 150(3)
6.6 Lithium-aluminum/iron-sulfide 153(1)
(LiAI-FeS(2)) batteries
6.7 Sources of further information and 153(2)
advice
References and further reading 155(58)
7 Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for medium- 213(78)
and large-scale energy storage: emerging cell
materials and components
D. Bresser
E. Paillard
S. Passerini
7.1 Introduction 213(1)
7.2 Anodes 213(4)
7.3 Cathodes 217(9)
7.4 Electrolytes 226(3)
7.5 Inert components 229(2)
7.6 Sources of further information and 231(2)
advice
References and further reading 233(58)
Part Three Other types of batteries 291(184)
8 Zinc-based flow batteries for medium- and 293(24)
large-scale energy storage
X. Li
C. Ponce de Lion
F.C. Walsh
R.G.A. Wills
D. Pletcher
8.1 Introduction 293(1)
8.2 Zinc-bromine flow batteries 294(3)
8.3 Zinc-cerium flow batteries 297(7)
8.4 Zinc-air flow batteries 304(5)
8.5 Other zinc-based flow batteries 309(2)
References 311(6)
9 Polysulfide-bromine flow batteries (PBBs) 317(12)
for medium- and large-scale energy storage
H. Zhang
9.1 Introduction 317(1)
9.2 PBBs: principles and technologies 318(1)
9.3 Electrolyte solution and its chemistry 319(2)
9.4 Electrode materials 321(2)
9.5 Ion-conductive membrane separators 323(1)
for PBBs
9.6 PBB applications and performance 324(1)
9.7 Summary and future trends 325(1)
References 326(3)
10 Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRBs) for 329(58)
medium- and large-scale energy storage
M. Skyllas-Kazacos
J.F. McCann
10.1 Introduction 329(1)
10.2 Cell reactions, general features, 330(5)
and operating principles
10.3 Cell materials 335(5)
10.4 Electrolyte preparation and 340(4)
optimization
10.5 Cell and battery performance 344(5)
10.6 State-of-charge (SOC) monitoring and 349(2)
flow rate control
10.7 Field trials, demonstrations, and 351(8)
commercialization
10.8 Other VRB chemistries 359(12)
10.9 Modeling and simulations 371(3)
10.10 Cost considerations 374(3)
10.11 Conclusions 377(1)
References 378(9)
11 Lithium-air batteries for medium- and 387(54)
large-scale energy storage
A. Rinaldi
Y. Wang
K.S. Tan
O. Wijaya
R. Yazami
11.1 Introduction 387(1)
11.2 Lithium ion batteries 387(2)
11.3 Lithium oxygen battery 389(6)
11.4 Li-SES anode 395(7)
11.5 LiPON thin film and its application 402(10)
to the Li battery
11.6 Carbon materials as cathode in Li-O2 412(7)
battery
11.7 Fluorinated ether as an additive for 419(11)
the lithium oxygen battery
11.8 Summary 430(1)
Notes 430(1)
References 431(10)
12 Zinc-air and other types of metal-air 441(22)
batteries
G.E. Gilligan
D. Qu
12.1 Introduction 441(3)
12.2 Challenges in zinc-air cell chemistry 444(5)
12.3 Advances in zinc-air batteries 449(7)
12.4 Future trends in zinc-air batteries 456(1)
12.5 Other metal-air batteries 456(3)
References 459(4)
13 Aluminum-ion batteries for medium- and 463(12)
large-scale energy storage
M. Parans Paranthaman
H. Liu
X.G. Sun
S. Dui
G.M. Brown
13.1 Introduction 463(2)
13.2 Al-ion battery chemistry 465(7)
13.3 Conclusions 472(1)
Acknowledgments 472(1)
References 473(2)
Part Four Design issues and applications 475(134)
14 Advances in membrane and stack design of 477(32)
redox flow batteries (RFBs) for medium- and
large-scale energy storage
T.M. Lim
M. Ulaganathan
Q. Yan
14.1 Introduction 477(3)
14.2 Membranes used in redox flow 480(10)
batteries
14.3 Membrane evaluation in vanadium 490(1)
redox flow batteries
14.4 Research and development on 490(10)
membranes for redox flow battery
applications
14.5 Chemical stability of membranes 500(2)
14.6 Conclusion 502(1)
References 503(6)
15 Modeling the design of batteries for 509(54)
medium- and large-scale energy storage
A.A. Franco
C. Frayret
15.1 Introduction 509(2)
15.2 The main components of lithium-ion 511(3)
batteries (LIBs)
15.3 The use of density functional theory 514(2)
(DFT) to analyze LIB materials
15.4 Structure-property relationships of 516(4)
electrode materials
15.5 Structure-property relationships of 520(4)
polyanionic compounds used in LIBs
15.6 Analyzing electron density and 524(3)
structure modification in LIB materials
15.7 Structure-property relationships in 527(3)
organic-based electrode materials for LIBs
15.8 Modeling specific power and rate 530(4)
capability: ionic and electronic
conductivity
15.9 Modeling intercalation or conversion 534(3)
reactions in LIB materials
15.10 Modeling solid-electrolyte 537(1)
interphase (SEI) formation
15.11 Modeling microstructural properties 538(4)
in LIB materials
15.12 Modeling thermomechanical stresses 542(3)
in LIB materials
15.13 Multiscale modeling of LIB 545(4)
performance
15.14 Modeling emerging battery 549(6)
technologies: lithium-air batteries
(LABS), all solid-state LIBs, and redox
flow batteries
15.15 Conclusions 555(2)
References 557(6)
16 Batteries for remote area power (RAP) 563(24)
supply systems
N.P.H. Duraman
K.L. Lim
S.L.I. Chan
16.1 Introduction 563(3)
16.2 Components of a RAPS system 566(1)
16.3 Existing battery systems for RAPS 567(12)
16.4 Future considerations 579(4)
16.5 Concluding remarks 583(1)
References 584(3)
17 Applications of batteries for grid-scale 587(22)
energy storage
A.M. Vassallo
17.1 Introduction 587(1)
17.2 Storage and electricity grids 587(3)
17.3 The need for storage 590(5)
17.4 Battery technologies 595(5)
17.5 The effect of battery storage on the 600(2)
system
17.6 Location of storage 602(1)
17.7 Regulatory and economic issues 603(2)
17.8 Sources of further information and 605(1)
advice
References 606(3)
Index 609
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