Although many were skeptical of the green chemistry movement at first, it has become a multimillion-dollar business. In preventing the creation of hazardous wastes, laboratories and corporations can save millions in clean up efforts and related health costs. This book supplies students with concepts commonly taught in undergraduate general chemistry and general engineering courses, but with a green perspective. It is unique in presenting an integrated discussion of green chemistry and engineering from first principles - not as an afterthought. Real-world examples show creative problem solving based on the latest issues.
Preface xiii
1 Understanding The Issues 1 (20)
1.1 A Brief History of Chemistry 1 (12)
1.1.1 Fermentation: An Ancient Chemical 2 (1)
Process
1.1.2 The Advent of Modern Chemistry 2 (1)
1.1.3 Chemistry in the 20th Century: The 2 (4)
Growth of Modern Processes
1.1.4 Risks of Chemicals in the Environment 6 (5)
1.1.5 Regulations: Controlling Chemical 11 (2)
Processes
1.2 Twenty-first Century Chemistry, aka Green 13 (5)
Chemistry
1.2.1 Green Chemistry and Pollution 13 (1)
Prevention
1.2.2 Sustainability 14 (4)
1.3 Layout of the Book 18 (1)
References 19 (2)
2 Principles Of Green Chemistry And Green 21 (22)
Engineering
2.1 Introduction 21 (2)
2.2 Green Chemistry 23 (11)
2.2.1 Definition 23 (1)
2.2.2 Principles of Green Chemistry and 24 (7)
Examples
2.2.3 Presidential Green Chemistry 31 (3)
Challenge Awards
2.3 Green Engineering 34 (4)
2.3.1 Definition 34 (1)
2.3.2 Principles of Green Engineering 35 (3)
2.4 Sustainability 38 (3)
References 41 (2)
3 Chemistry As An Underlying Force In Ecosystem 43 (30)
Interactions
3.1 Nature and the Environment 44 (17)
3.1.1 Air and the Atmosphere (Outdoor and 44 (8)
Indoor Pollution)
3.1.2 Water (Water Pollutants, Issues 52 (1)
Associated with Nonpotable Drinking Water)
3.1.3 Chemistry of the Land 53 (3)
3.1.4 Energy 56 (5)
3.2 Pollution Prevention (P2) 61 (1)
3.3 Ecotoxicology 62 (2)
3.4 Environmental Assessment Analysis 64 (4)
3.5 What Can You Do to Make a Difference? 68 (2)
References 70 (3)
4 Matter: The Heart Of Green Chemistry 73 (36)
4.1 Matter: Definition, Classification, and 73 (4)
the Periodic Table
4.1.1 Aluminum (Al) 75 (1)
4.1.2 Mercury (Hg) 76 (1)
4.1.3 Lead (Pb) 77 (1)
4.2 Atomic Structure 77 (2)
4.3 Three States of Matter 79 (2)
4.4 Molecular and Ionic Compounds 81 (19)
4.4.1 Molecular Compounds 82 (12)
4.4.2 Ionic Compounds 94 (6)
4.5 Chemical Reactions 100 (2)
4.6 Mixtures, Acids, and Bases 102 (5)
References 107 (2)
5 Chemical Reactions 109 (30)
5.1 Definition of Chemical Reactions and 109 (3)
Balancing of Chemical Equations
5.2 Chemical Reactions and Quantities of 112 (3)
Reactants and Products
5.3 Patterns of Chemical Reactions 115 (20)
5.3.1 Combination, Synthesis, or Addition 115 (2)
Reactions
5.3.2 Decomposition Reactions 117 (1)
5.3.3 Elimination Reactions 117 (1)
5.3.4 Displacement Reactions 118 (6)
5.3.5 Exchange or Substitution Reactions 124 (11)
5.4 Effectiveness and Efficiency of Chemical 135 (3)
Reactions: Yield Versus Atom Economy
Reference 138 (1)
6 Kinetics, Catalysis, And Reaction Engineering 139 (58)
6.1 Basic Concept of Rate 139 (23)
6.1.1 Definition of Reaction Rate 139 (3)
6.1.2 Parallel Reactions 142 (4)
6.1.3 Consecutive Reactions 146 (4)
6.1.4 Chemical Equilibrium 150 (3)
6.1.5 Effect of Concentration on Reaction 153 (6)
Rate
6.1.6 Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rate 159 (3)
6.2 Role of Industrial and Biological 162 (19)
Catalysts
6.2.1 Definition of Catalysts 162 (4)
6.2.2 Catalytic Kinetics 166 (4)
6.2.3 Types of Catalysts and Impact on 170 (5)
Green Chemistry
6.2.4 Biocatalysis 175 (6)
6.3 Reaction Engineering 181 (13)
6.3.1 Batch Reactor 181 (3)
6.3.2 Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor 184 (4)
6.3.3 Plug Flow Reactor (PFR) 188 (3)
6.3.4 Multiphase Reactor Design 191 (3)
6.4 Summary 194 (1)
References 194 (3)
7 Thermodynamics, Separations, And Equilibrium 197 (38)
7.1 Ideal Gases 197 (4)
7.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics 201 (4)
7.2.1 Closed System 203 (1)
7.2.2 Open System 204 (1)
7.3 Ideal Gas Calculations 205 (5)
7.4 Entropy and the Second Law of 210 (4)
Thermodynamics
7.5 Real Gas Properties 214 (3)
7.6 The Phase Diagram 217 (4)
7.7 Equilibrium 221 (8)
7.7.1 The Flash Calculation 227 (2)
7.8 Solubility of a Gas in a Liquid 229 (1)
7.9 Solubility of a Solid in a Liquid 230 (3)
7.10 Summary 233 (1)
References 233 (2)
8 Renewable Materials 235 (28)
8.1 Introduction 235 (1)
8.2 Renewable Feedstocks 236 (15)
8.2.1 Role of Biomass and Components 236 (6)
8.2.2 Production of Chemicals from 242 (9)
Renewable Resources
8.3 Applications of Renewable Materials 251 (10)
8.3.1 The Case of Biodegradable Plastics 251 (3)
8.3.2 The Case of Compostable Chemicals 254 (1)
8.3.3 Production of Ethanol from Biomass 254 (2)
8.3.4 The Case of Flex-Fuel Vehicles 256 (2)
8.3.5 Production of Biodiesel 258 (3)
8.4 Conclusion 261 (1)
References 261 (2)
9 Current And Future State Of Energy Production 263 (24)
And Consumption
9.1 Introduction 263 (4)
9.2 Basic Thermodynamic Functions and 267 (5)
Applications
9.3 Other Chemical Processes for Energy 272 (3)
Transfer
9.3.1 Microwave-Assisted Reactions 272 (1)
9.3.2 Sonochemistry 273 (1)
9.3.3 Electrochemistry 273 (1)
9.3.4 Photochemistry and Photovoltaic Cells 274 (1)
9.4 Renewable Sources of Energy in the 21st 275 (10)
Century and Beyond
9.4.1 Solar Energy 275 (4)
9.4.2 Wind Power 279 (2)
9.4.3 Geothermal Solution 281 (2)
9.4.4 Hydropower 283 (1)
9.4.5 The Case of Hydrogen Technology 284 (1)
9.4.6 Bathers to Development 285 (1)
9.5 Concluding Thoughts About Sources of 285 (1)
Energy and their Future
References 286 (1)
10 The Economics Of Green And Sustainable 287 (38)
Chemistry
David E. Meyer
Michael A. Gonzalez
10.1 Introduction 287 (2)
10.2 Chemical Manufacturing and Economic 289 (4)
Theory
10.2.1 Plant (Microscale) Scale Economics 290 (1)
10.2.2 Corporate Economics 290 (2)
10.2.3 Macroeconomics 292 (1)
10.3 Economic Impact of Green Chemistry 293 (13)
10.4 Business Strategies Regarding 306 (4)
Application of Green Chemistry
10.5 Incorporation of Green Chemistry in 310 (7)
Process Design for Sustainability
10.6 Case Studies Demonstrating the 317 (4)
Economic Benefits of Green Chemistry and
Design
10.7 Summary 321 (1)
References 322 (3)
11 Green Chemistry And Toxicology 325 (30)
Dale E. Johnson
Grace L. Anderson
11.1 Introduction 325 (1)
11.2 Fundamental Principles of Toxicology 326 (9)
11.2.1 Basic Concepts 326 (4)
11.2.2 Toxicokinetics 330 (3)
11.2.3 Cellular Toxicity 333 (2)
11.3 Identifying Chemicals of Concern 335 (4)
11.3.1 Mode of Action Approaches 336 (1)
11.3.2 Adverse Outcome Pathways 337 (1)
11.3.3 Threshold of Toxicological Concern 338 (1)
11.3.4 Chemistry-Linked-to-Toxicity: 338 (1)
Structural Alerts and Mechanistic Domains
11.4 Toxicology Data 339 (2)
11.4.1 Authoritative Sources of 339 (1)
Information
11.4.2 Data Gaps: The Challenge and the 340 (1)
Opportunity Arising from New Technologies
11.5 Computational Toxicology and Green 341 (5)
Chemistry
11.5.1 Tools for Predictions and Modeling 341 (5)
11.5.2 Interoperability of Models for 346 (1)
Decision Making and the Case for Metadata
11.6 Applications of Toxicology into Green 346 (3)
Chemistry Initiatives
11.6.1 REACH 346 (2)
11.6.2 State of California Green 348 (1)
Chemistry Initiatives
11.7 Future Perspectives 349 (1)
References 350 (5)
Index 355
新书报道