The Selection Process of Biomass Materials for the Production of Bio-fuels and Co-firing
[BOOK DESCRIPTION]
Beginning first with the fundamentals of biofuel and co-firing, this essential resource then moves into coverage of the methodology that assists energy scientists and engineers to arrive at optimal biomass materials that are tailored to each company's business and economic environments. Coverage provides vital, ample, accurate, and detailed data of a number of energy crops and their uses by scientists. The unique approach includes not only technical and scientific factors, but also business factors such as environmental and human health factors for using biofuel and co-firing.
[TABLE OF CONTENTS]
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xvii
Abbreviations xix
1 Introduction 1 (12)
1.1 Why This Book? 1 (1)
1.2 The Book Structure 2 (3)
1.2.1 Introduction 2 (1)
1.2.2 Structure 3 (2)
1.3 Energy Utilization 5 (2)
1.4 The Need for Effective Biomass 7 (1)
Utilization
1.5 Renewable Energy Impact on Biomass 7 (2)
Economy
1.6 Summary 9 (4)
References 10 (3)
2 Background 13 (48)
2.1 Renewable Energy: A Brief Outlook 13 (3)
2.1.1 Introduction 13 (2)
2.1.2 Old Graphs 15 (1)
2.2 Wind 16 (1)
2.3 Water 17 (1)
2.4 Geothermal 17 (2)
2.5 Solar 19 (2)
2.5.1 Solar Cells 20 (1)
2.5.2 Solar Water Heating 20 (1)
2.5.3 Solar Furnaces 20 (1)
2.6 Biomass 21 (3)
2.7 Biomass as a Source of Energy 24 (12)
2.7.1 Energy Crops 27 (2)
2.7.2 Examples of Energy Crops 29 (1)
2.7.3 Biomass Utilization 30 (1)
2.7.4 Biomass and Coal Components 31 (1)
2.7.5 Types of Energy Crop Needed 32 (1)
2.7.6 Biomass Energy Influencing Factors 33 (2)
2.7.7 Characteristics/Co-firing 35 (1)
Properties and Testing Method
2.8 Biomass Applications 36 (6)
2.8.1 Bio-fuels 36 (1)
2.8.2 Electricity Generation 37 (1)
2.8.3 Heat, Steam, and CHP 37 (1)
2.8.4 Combustible Gas 38 (3)
2.8.5 Additional Bio-energy Technologies 41 (1)
2.9 Co-firing 42 (4)
2.9.1 Barriers for Biomass Co-firing 43 (1)
2.9.2 Additional Challenges for 44 (1)
Co-firing
2.9.3 Further Advancement in Co-firing 44 (1)
Engineering
2.9.4 Promoting Co-firing 45 (1)
2.10 System Engineering 46 (2)
2.11 Biomass Conversion Systems 48 (1)
2.12 Energy Crops Scheme (U.K.) 49 (3)
2.13 Renewable Obligation Certificate 52 (1)
(ROC) (U.K.)
2.14 Climate Change Levy Exemption 52 (1)
Certificate (LEC) (U.K.)
2.15 Conclusion 53 (8)
References 56 (5)
3 Co-firing Issues 61 (22)
3.1 Technical and Engineering Issues 61 (1)
3.1.1 Introduction 61 (1)
3.1.2 Hardware and Biomass Materials 62 (1)
3.2 Technical and Hardware Issues 62 (3)
3.3 Milling 65 (1)
3.4 Fuel Mixing 66 (5)
3.5 The Combustion System 71 (4)
3.5.1 Boilers 71 (4)
3.6 By-products 75 (1)
3.6.1 Ash Formation and Deposition 75 (1)
3.7 Degradation 76 (1)
3.8 Conclusion 77 (6)
References 80 (3)
4 Samples 83 (78)
4.1 Selected Samples 83 (1)
4.1.1 Introduction 83 (1)
4.2 Samples General Descriptions 84 (7)
4.2.1 The Reference Samples 84 (7)
4.3 Main Samples 91 (56)
4.3.1 Introduction 91 (1)
4.3.2 Crops Basic Composition 92 (1)
4.3.3 Crops and Oil Sources 93 (1)
4.3.4 Oil Quality and Standard 94 (1)
4.3.5 Crops Photosynthesis 94 (1)
4.3.6 Energy Crops Environmental Effect 95 (1)
4.3.7 Corn (Zea mays L.) 96 (7)
4.3.8 Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) 103 (5)
4.3.9 Miscanthus (Miscanthus sinensis) 108 (7)
4.3.10 Rice (Oryza sativa) 115 (6)
4.3.11 Barley (Hordeum vulgare subsp.) 121 (5)
4.3.12 Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) 126 (8)
4.3.13 Niger Seed (Guizotia abyssinica) 134 (7)
4.3.14 Rapeseed (Brassica napus) 141 (6)
4.4 Conclusion 147 (14)
4.4.1 Samples Selection 148 (2)
4.4.2 The Next Step 150 (1)
References 151 (10)
5 Methodology: Part 1 161 (24)
5.1 Methodology Approach 161 (1)
5.1.1 Introduction 161 (1)
5.2 The Pyramid 162 (2)
5.3 The Decision Tree 164 (2)
5.3.1 Steps for the Biomass Fuel 164 (1)
5.3.2 Three Numbers 165 (1)
5.4 Methodology Terms and Definition for 166 (1)
BF and S&T
5.4.1 Bf 166 (1)
5.4.2 S&T 166 (1)
5.5 BF and S&T Data 166 (4)
5.5.1 Why Are Data for the BF and S&T 166 (2)
Needed?
5.5.2 How Are Data for the BF Obtained? 168 (2)
5.5.3 How Are Data for the S&T Obtained? 170 (1)
5.6 Scoring System 170 (7)
5.6.1 The Method 170 (2)
5.6.2 Calculating the Score When the 172 (1)
Reference Sample Is Set in a Positive
Mode
5.6.3 Calculating the Score When the 172 (2)
Reference Sample Is Set in a Negative
Mode
5.6.4 Boundaries for S&T 174 (1)
5.6.5 Boundaries for BF 174 (1)
5.6.6 Reference Sample Boundaries 174 (1)
5.6.7 Biomass Boundaries 175 (1)
5.6.8 Scoring Plan for BF 176 (1)
5.7 Methodology Survey 177 (1)
5.8 The Survey Method 178 (3)
5.8.1 Aim 178 (1)
5.8.2 Objective 178 (1)
5.8.3 What Is the Survey Looking For? 178 (1)
5.8.4 Survey Methodology 178 (1)
5.8.5 Mode 179 (1)
5.8.6 Mode Effect 179 (1)
5.8.7 Questionnaire Design 179 (1)
5.8.8 Sample Design 179 (1)
5.8.9 Sample Size 180 (1)
5.8.10 Pretesting and Piloting 180 (1)
5.8.11 Reducing and Dealing with 180 (1)
Nonresponse
5.9 Conclusion 181 (4)
References 183 (2)
6 Methodology: Part 2 185 (26)
6.1 Introduction 185 (1)
6.1.1 Biomass Samples and Methodology 186 (1)
6.2 S&T Values Analysis 186 (1)
6.3 S&T Factor Evaluations 187 (16)
6.3.1 Energy Factor (EF) 187 (3)
6.3.2 Combustion Index Factor (CIF) 190 (3)
6.3.3 Volatile Matter Factor (VMF) 193 (2)
6.3.4 Moisture Factor (MF) 195 (1)
6.3.5 Ash Factor (AF) 196 (3)
6.3.6 Density Factor (DF) 199 (2)
6.3.7 Nitrogen Emission (Nx) Factor 201 (2)
(NEF)
6.4 S&T Allocation Results 203 (3)
6.4.1 Introduction 203 (1)
6.4.2 The Priority List 204 (2)
6.5 Conclusion 206 (5)
References 208 (3)
7 Methodology: Part 3 211 (28)
7.1 BF Percentage Value Selection 211 (4)
7.1.1 Introduction 211 (1)
7.1.2 BF Subjective and Objective 212 (1)
Factors
7.1.3 Percentage Allocation for BF 212 (1)
7.1.4 BF Values and Headlines 213 (1)
7.1.5 Biomass Energy Commercialization 213 (2)
and BF
7.2 BF Values Analysis 215 (1)
7.3 BF Evaluations 216 (12)
7.3.1 System Factor (SF) 217 (1)
7.3.2 Approach Factor (AF) 218 (1)
7.3.3 Baseline Methodology Factor (BMF) 219 (1)
7.3.4 Business Viability Factor (BVF) 219 (1)
7.3.5 Applicability Factor (APF) 220 (3)
7.3.6 Land and Water Issues Factor 223 (1)
(LWIF)
7.3.7 Supply Factor (SUF) 224 (1)
7.3.8 Quality Factor (QF) 225 (1)
7.3.9 Emission Factor 226 (2)
7.4 BF Data 228 (7)
7.4.1 Introduction 228 (2)
7.4.2 The Priority List 230 (5)
7.5 Conclusion 235 (4)
References 237 (2)
8 Results: Part 1 239 (20)
8.1 Statistical Data and Errors 239 (2)
8.1.1 Introduction 239 (2)
8.2 Methodology Level Value (Boundary 241 (1)
Level Scoring Value)
8.3 Calculating Standard Deviation and 242 (9)
Relative Error
8.3.1 S&T Factors 243 (3)
8.3.2 Business Factors (BF) 246 (3)
8.3.3 Methodology Standard Deviation 249 (1)
for S&T
8.3.4 Methodology Standard Deviation 250 (1)
for BF
8.3.5 Methodology Standard Deviation 251 (1)
8.4 Analysis 251 (4)
8.5 Conclusion 255 (4)
References 257 (2)
9 Results: Part 2 259 (38)
9.1 Data and Methodology Application 259 (1)
9.1.1 Introduction 259 (1)
9.2 Tests 260 (5)
9.2.1 Experimental Tests 260 (5)
9.3 S&T Samples Data and Reports (Results) 265 (12)
9.3.1 Fossil Fuel 265 (1)
9.3.2 Biomass Materials 266 (11)
9.4 BF Samples Reports Examples (Results) 277 (5)
9.4.1 Coal BF Data (Altawell, GSTF, 277 (1)
2012)
9.4.2 Rapeseed BF Report 278 (1)
9.4.3 Black Sunflower Seed BF Report 278 (1)
9.4.4 Niger Seed BF Report 279 (1)
9.4.5 Apple Pruning BF Report 280 (1)
9.4.6 Striped Sunflower Seed BF Report 281 (1)
9.5 The Final Biomass Samples 282 (3)
9.5.1 S&T Results 282 (2)
9.5.2 BF Results 284 (1)
9.6 Samples Final Fitness 285 (4)
9.7 Discussion and Analysis 289 (5)
9.8 Conclusion 294 (3)
References 296 (1)
10 Economic Factors 297 (18)
10.1 Biomass Fuel Economic Factors and SFS 297 (1)
10.1.1 Introduction 297 (1)
10.2 Economic Factors 298 (2)
10.3 Biomass Business 300 (5)
10.3.1 Step 1 300 (1)
10.3.2 Step 2 301 (1)
10.3.3 Step 3 302 (2)
10.3.4 Step 4 304 (1)
10.4 Biomass Fuel Supply Chain 305 (1)
10.5 The Demand for a New Biomass Fuel 306 (1)
10.6 The SFS Economic Value Scenario 307 (1)
10.7 Discussion 308 (2)
10.8 Conclusion 310 (5)
References 312 (3)
11 Conclusion 315 (8)
11.1 General Conclusion 315 (1)
11.2 Methodology (REA1) and Applications 316 (1)
11.3 Why Biomass? 316 (2)
11.4 Co-firing and Power Generating 318 (1)
11.5 The New Biomass Fuel (SFS) 318 (1)
11.6 The Future of Co-firing and Biomass 319 (1)
Energy
11.7 Final Results and Final Conclusion 320 (1)
11.8 Positive Outlook 320 (1)
11.9 What Next? 321 (2)
References 321 (2)
Index 323
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