Materials Kinetics Fundamentals is an accessible and interesting introduction to kinetics processes, with a focus on materials systems. Designed for the undergraduate student, this book avoids intense mathematics to present the theory and application of kinetics in a clear, reader-friendly way. Students are first introduced to the fundamental concepts of kinetics, with illustrated diagrams, examples, text boxes, and homework questions that impart a unified, intuitive understanding. Further chapters cover the application of these concepts in the context of materials science, with real-world examples including silicon processing and integrated circuit fabrication, thin-film deposition, carbon-14 dating, steel degassing, energy conversion, and more. Instructor materials including PowerPoint presentations, a test bank, and more are available through the companion website, providing a complete resource for the undergraduate materials science student.
At its core, kinetics deals with rates, telling us how fast something will take place for example, how fast water will evaporate, or how fast molten silicon will solidify.This book is designed to provide students with an introduction to kinetics' underlying principles, without rigorous math to distract from understanding. * Understand universally important kinetic concepts like diffusion and reaction rate * Model common kinetic processes both quantitatively and qualitatively * Learn the mechanisms behind important and interesting materials systems * Examine the behaviors, properties, and interactions of relevant solid materials
There are a large number of books on chemical kinetics, but there are far fewer that focus on materials kinetics, and virtually none that provide an accessible, introductory-level treatment of the subject. Materials Kinetics Fundamentals fills that need, with clear, detailed explanations of these universal concepts.
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xv
Learning Objectives xvii
I KINETIC PRINCIPLES
1 Introduction to Materials Kinetics 3 (45)
1.1 What Is Kinetics? 3 (1)
1.2 Kinetics Versus Thermodynamics 4 (2)
1.3 Homogeneous Versus Heterogeneous 6 (1)
Kinetics
1.4 Reaction Versus Diffusion 7 (2)
1.5 Classifying Kinetic Processes 9 (1)
1.6 Brief Word about Units 10 (1)
1.7 Chapter Summary 11 (1)
1.8 Chapter Exercises 12 (2)
2 A Short Detour into Thermodynamics 14 (1)
2.1 Dynamic Equilibrium 14 (1)
2.2 Enthalpy (H), Entropy (S), and Gibbs 15 (3)
Free Energy (G)
2.2.1 Relationship between ΔG, 16 (2)
ΔH, and ΔS
2.3 Molar Quantities 18 (1)
2.4 Standard State 19 (1)
2.5 Calculating Thermodynamic Quantities 20 (2)
2.6 Reaction Quotient Q and Equilibrium 22 (6)
Constant K
2.7 Temperature Dependence of K 28 (3)
2.8 Thermodynamics of Phase 31 (3)
Transformations
2.9 Ideal Gas Law 34 (2)
2.10 Calculating Concentrations for 36 (8)
Liquids or Solids
2.10.1 Calculating 36 (1)
Densities/Concentrations in Pure
Materials
2.10.2 Calculating 37 (2)
Densities/Concentrations in
Stoichiometric Compounds or Dilute
Solutions
2.10.3 Calculating 39 (2)
Densities/Concentrations for Mixtures
of Multiple Phases/Compounds
2.10.4 Calculating 41 (1)
Densities/Concentrations from
Crystallographic Information
2.10.5 Calculating Site Fractions 42 (2)
2.11 Chapter Summary 44 (2)
2.12 Chapter Exercises 46 (2)
3 Chemical Reaction Kinetics 48 (36)
3.1 Homogeneous versus Heterogeneous 50 (1)
Chemical Reactions
3.2 Homogeneous Chemical Reactions 51 (17)
3.2.1 Reaction Rate Equation and k 51 (1)
3.2.2 Order of Reaction 51 (2)
3.2.3 Zero-Order Reactions 53 (1)
3.2.4 First-Order Reactions 54 (4)
3.2.5 Second-Order Reactions 58 (6)
3.2.6 Incomplete Reactions/Equilibrium 64 (4)
Reactions
3.2.7 Summary of Homogeneous Reaction 68 (1)
Kinetics
3.3 Temperature Dependence of Reaction 68 (4)
Kinetics: Activation Theory
3.4 Heterogeneous Chemical Reactions 72 (7)
3.4.1 Effect of Catalyst 72 (3)
3.4.2 Gas-Solid Surface Reaction 75 (4)
Processes
3.5 Chapter Summary 79 (2)
3.6 Chapter Exercises 81 (3)
4 Transport Kinetics (Diffusion) 84 (67)
4.1 Flux 85 (2)
4.2 Fluxes and Forces 87 (1)
4.3 Common Transport Modes (Force/Flux 88 (2)
Pairs)
4.4 Phenomenological Treatment of 90 (35)
Diffusion
4.4.1 Steady-State Diffusion: Fick's 91 (3)
First Law
4.4.2 Transient Diffusion: Fick's 94 (24)
Second Law
4.4.3 Kirkendal Effect and Moving 118 (2)
Interface Problems
4.4.4 Summary of Transient Diffusion 120 (1)
Problems
4.4.5 Coupled Diffusion Processes 120 (5)
4.5 Atomistic Treatment of Diffusion 125 (14)
4.5.1 Overview of Diffusion in Gases 125 (1)
Versus Liquids Versus Solids
4.5.2 Diffusion in Gases: Kinetic 126 (4)
Theory of Gases
4.5.3 Diffusion in Solids: Atomistic 130 (5)
Mechanisms of Solid-State Diffusion
4.5.4 Diffusion in Solids: 135 (4)
High-Diffusivity Paths
4.6 Chapter Summary 139 (3)
4.7 Chapter Exercises 142 (9)
II APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS KINETICS
5 Gas-Solid Kinetic Processes 151 (39)
5.1 Adsorption/Desorption 151 (6)
5.2 Active Gas Corrosion 157 (9)
5.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition 166 (10)
5.4 Atomic Layer Deposition 176 (3)
5.5 Passive Oxidation 179 (5)
5.6 Chapter Summary 184 (3)
5.7 Chapter Exercises 187 (3)
6 Liquid-Solid and Solid-Solid Phase 190 (61)
Transformations
6.1 What Is a Phase Transformation? 190 (2)
6.2 Driving Forces for Transformation: 192 (5)
Temperature and Composition
6.2.1 Calculating ΔGV 193 (4)
6.3 Spinodal Decomposition: A Continuous 197 (2)
Phase Transformation
6.4 Surfaces and Interfaces 199 (6)
6.4.1 Estimating Surface Energies 200 (3)
6.4.2 Interfacial Energy Balances 203 (2)
6.4.3 Overview of Important 205 (1)
Surface/Interface Energy Effects
6.5 Nucleation 205 (16)
6.5.1 Homogeneous Nucleation 206 (6)
6.5.2 Heterogeneous Nucleation 212 (6)
6.5.3 Nucleation Rate 218 (3)
6.6 Growth 221 (5)
6.7 Nucleation and Growth Combined 226 (6)
6.7.1 Effect of Nucleation Rate versus 226 (3)
Growth Rate on Microstructure
6.7.2 Overall Rate of Transformation: 229 (1)
Johnson--Mehl and Avrami Equations
6.7.3 Time-Temperature-Transformation 230 (2)
Diagrams
6.8 Solidification 232 (9)
6.8.1 Casting Microstructures 233 (1)
6.8.2 Plane Front Solidification 233 (2)
(Scheil Equation)
6.8.3 Cellular or Dendritic Growth 235 (2)
6.8.4 Eutectic Lamellae 237 (3)
6.8.5 Peritectic Solidification 240 (1)
6.9 Martensitic Transformations 241 (1)
6.10 Chapter Summary 242 (5)
6.11 Chapter Exercises 247 (4)
7 Microstructural Evolution 251 (22)
7.1 Capillary Forces 251 (5)
7.2 Surface Evolution 256 (2)
7.2.1 Surface Evolution by Solid-State 256 (1)
Diffusion
7.2.2 Surface Evolution by Vapor-Phase 257 (1)
Transport
7.3 Coarsening 258 (3)
7.3.1 Diffusion-Limited Coarsening 258 (1)
7.3.2 Source/Sink-Limited Coarsening 259 (2)
7.4 Grain Growth 261 (2)
7.5 Sintering 263 (2)
7.6 Chapter Summary 265 (3)
7.7 Chapter Exercises 268 (5)
References 270 (3)
III Appendixes
A Units 273 (3)
B Periodic Table 276 (2)
C Answers to Selected Calculation 278 (3)
Questions
Index 281
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